Novel fluorescence probe for ClO- in living cells: Based on FRET mechanism.

Hypochlorous acid (HClO) as a kind of reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a vital role in many biological processes. Organic fluorescence probes have attracted great interests for the detection of HClO, due to their relatively high selectivity and sensitivity, satisfactory spatiotemporal resolution and good biocompatibility. Constructing fluorescence probes to detect HClO with advantages of large Stokes shift, wide emission gap, near infrared emission and good water solubility is still challenging. In this work, a new ratiometric fluorescence probe (named HCY) for HClO was developed. FRET-based HCY was constructed by bonding a coumarin and a flavone fluorophore. In absence of HClO, HCY exists FRET process, however, FRET is inhibited in the presence of HClO because the conjugated double bond broke. Due to the good match of the emission spectrum of the donor and the absorption spectrum of the acceptor, the FRET system appears favorable energy transfer efficiency. HCY showed high sensitivity and rapid response time. The linearity between the ratios of fluorescence intensity and concentration of HClO was established with a low limit of detection. What's more, HCY was also applied for fluorescence images of HClO in RAW264.7 cells.

Evaluating high-flow oxygen therapy after mechanical thrombectomy under general anesthesia in acute ischemic stroke: A retrospective single-center study.

BACKGROUND: The use of mechanical thrombectomy for acute intracranial vascular occlusion under general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation is well-established as a safe and effective method. However, the process of extubation post-surgery presents challenges for certain patients. This retrospective study assesses the safety and efficacy of combining mechanical ventilation with high-flow oxygen inhalation as an interim strategy, while also examining its impact on long-term clinical outcomes. METHODS: This research enrolled 119 patients with acute intracranial large vessel occlusion who underwent mechanical thrombectomy under general anesthesia with tracheal intubation between January 2020 and November 2023. Participants were categorized into two groups: Group 1 (n=55), which received high-flow oxygen (HFO) post-extubation, and Group 2 (n=64), which was treated with routine oxygen supplementation (RO). The study compared reintubation and tracheotomy rates between these groups to determine safety and effectiveness. Additionally, it analyzed long-term clinical outcomes by comparing NIHSS and mRS scores before treatment and at 90-day follow-up. RESULTS: The reintubation rate post-extubation was significantly lower in the HFO group (12.7 %, n=7) compared to the RO group (31.2 %, n=20, p=0.016). The incidence of tracheotomy within 7 days was also reduced in the HFO group compared to the RO group (7.3 %, n=4 vs 20.3 %, n=13, p=0.043). Moreover, a greater proportion of patients in the HFO group achieved mRS scores of 0-2 at 90 days post-stroke than those in the RO group (60 %, n=33 vs 40.6 %, n=26, p=0.035). The median NIHSS score at 90 days was more favorable in the HFO group than in the RO group (6, IQR [1-18] vs 8, IQR [1-20], p=0.005). CONCLUSION: The study suggests that high-flow oxygen therapy after mechanical thrombectomy under general anesthesia with tracheal intubation may lessen the need for reintubation and tracheotomy, potentially leading to improved long-term prognosis.

A near-infrared fluorescent probe for simultaneous detection of pH and viscosity.

In this work, we developed a ratiometric fluorescent probe (NT) based on ICT framework in near-infrared (NIR) which could detect pH and viscosity simultaneously. Long emission wavelength in NIR could protect the probe from interference of background fluorescence and improve the accuracy of the test. Due to the presence of thiazole-salt, the probe possessed good water solubility and could respond immediately to pH in water system. The pH values measured by NT in the actual samples were not much different from that measured by the pH meter, therefore, NT could give excellent accuracy. NT realized the reversible detection of pH by protonation and deprotonation. NT was used successfully to detect the pH of actual water samples, human serum and meat, as well as the viscosity variation caused by thickeners. Additionally, NT could monitor the changes of pH and viscosity in living cells. Therefore, the novel probe exhibited potential application in the fields of the environment, human health and food safety evaluation.

Development and validation of a novel nomogram for predicting good neoangiogenesis after encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis in patients with moyamoya disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: Diabetes is often linked to poorer outcomes in patients with moyamoya disease (MMD). However, experience has shown that certain individuals with diabetes have favorable outcomes after encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis (EDAS). The authors aimed to develop a nomogram to predict good neoangiogenesis in patients with MMD and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) to aid neurosurgeons in the identification of suitable candidates for EDAS. METHODS: Adults with MMD and T2DM who underwent EDAS between June 2004 and December 2018 were included in the analysis. In total, 126 patients (213 hemispheres) with MMD and T2DM from the Fifth Medical Centre of the Chinese PLA General Hospital were included and randomly divided into training (152 hemispheres) and internal validation (61 hemispheres) cohorts at a ratio of 7:3. Univariate logistic and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression analyses were used to identify the significant factors associated with good neoangiogenesis, which were used to develop a nomogram. The discrimination, calibration, and clinical utility were assessed. RESULTS: A total of 213 hemispheres in 126 patients were reviewed, including 152 (71.36%) hemispheres with good postoperative collateral formation and 61 (28.64%) with poor postoperative collateral formation. The authors selected 4 predictors (FGD5 rs11128722, VEGFA rs9472135, Suzuki stage, and internal carotid artery [ICA] moyamoya vessels) for nomogram development. The C-indices of the nomogram in the training and internal validation cohorts were 0.873 and 0.841, respectively. The nomogram exhibited a sensitivity of 84.5% and specificity of 81.0%. The positive and negative predictive values were 92.1% and 66.7%, respectively. The calibration curves indicated high predictive accuracy, and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed the superiority of the nomogram. The decision-making analysis validated the fitness and clinical application value of this nomogram. Then a web-based calculator to facilitate clinical application was generated. CONCLUSIONS: The nomogram developed in this study accurately predicted neoangiogenesis in patients with MMD and T2DM after EDAS and may assist neurosurgeons in identifying suitable candidates for indirect revascularization surgery.

Development and validation of a novel nomogram for predicting long-term rebleeding risk among patients with hemorrhagic moyamoya disease: a 10-year multicenter retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to develop and validate a predictive nomogram model for long-term rebleeding events in patients with hemorrhagic moyamoya disease (HMMD). METHODS: In total, 554 patients with HMMD from the Fifth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital (5-PLAGH cohort) were included and randomly divided into training (390 patients) and internal validation (164 patients) sets. An independent cohort from the First Medical Center and Eighth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital (the 1-PLAGH and 8-PLAGH cohort) was used for external validation (133 patients). Univariate Cox regression analysis and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression algorithm were used to identify significant factors associated with rebleeding, which were used to develop a nomogram for predicting 5- and 10-year rebleeding. RESULTS: Intraventricular hemorrhage was the most common type of cerebral hemorrhage (39.0% of patients in the 5-PLAGH cohort and 42.9% of the 1-PLAGH and 8-PLAGH cohort). During the mean ± SD follow-up period of 10.4 ± 2.9 years, 91 (16.4%) patients had rebleeding events in the 5-PLAGH cohort. The rebleeding rates were 12.3% (68 patients) at 5 years and 14.8% (82 patients) at 10 years. Rebleeding events were observed in 72 patients (14.3%) in the encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis (EDAS) surgery group, whereas 19 patients (37.3%) experienced rebleeding events in the conservative treatment group. This difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). We selected 4 predictors (age at onset, number of episodes of bleeding, posterior circulation involvement, and EDAS surgery) for nomogram development. The concordance index (C-index) values of the nomograms of the training cohort, internal validation cohort, and the external validation cohort were 0.767 (95% CI 0.704-0.830), 0.814 (95% CI 0.694-0.934), and 0.718 (95% CI 0.661-0.775), respectively. The nomogram at 5 years exhibited a sensitivity of 48.1% and specificity of 87.5%. The positive and negative predictive values were 38.2% and 91.3%, respectively. The nomogram at 10 years exhibited a sensitivity of 47.1% and specificity of 89.1%. The positive and negative predictive values were 48.5% and 88.5%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: EDAS may prevent rebleeding events and improve long-term clinical outcomes in patients with HMMD. The nomogram accurately predicted rebleeding events and assisted clinicians in identifying high-risk patients and devising individual treatments. Simultaneously, comprehensive and ongoing monitoring should be implemented for specific patients with HMMD throughout their entire lifespan.

Association between polymorphism in the MTHFR gene and encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis-induced collateral circulation formation.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate whether high homocysteine (Hcy) levels associated with the MTHFR gene influence the formation of the collateral vascular network in patients with moyamoya disease (MMD) after encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis (EDAS) by influencing the number of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in peripheral blood. METHODS: A total of 118 Chinese patients with bilateral primary MMD were prospectively included. Blood samples were collected from the anterior cubital vein before surgery, and MTHFR rs9651118 was genotyped using high-throughput mass spectrometry to determine the genotype of the test specimen. Serum Hcy and EPC levels were measured, the latter with flow cytometry. Digital subtraction angiography was performed 6 months after EDAS, and the formation of collateral circulation was evaluated using the Matsushima grade system. The correlations between MTHFR rs9651118 genotype, Hcy and EPC levels, and Matsushima grade were compared. RESULTS: Among the 118 patients, 53 had the TT genotype (wild type) of MTHFR rs9651118, 33 TC genotype (heterozygous mutation), and 32 CC genotype (homozygous mutation). The mean ± SD Hcy level was 13.4 ± 9.5 µmol/L in TT patients, 9.8 ± 3.2 µmol/L in TC patients, and 8.9 ± 2.9 µmol/L in CC patients (p < 0.001). The level of EPCs in the venous blood of TT patients was 0.039% ± 0.016%, that of TC patients 0.088% ± 0.061%, and that of CC patients 0.103% ± 0.062% (p < 0.001). When the rs9651118 gene locus was mutated, Matsushima grade was better (p < 0.001) but there was no difference between heterozygous and homozygous mutations. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the MTHFR rs9651118 polymorphism is a good biomarker for collateral vascular network formation after EDAS in MMD patients.

A near-infrared fluorescent probe based FRET for ratiometric sensing of H2O2 and viscosity in live cells.

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and viscosity play vital roles in the cellular environment as signaling molecule and microenvironment parameter, respectively, and are associated with many physiological and pathological processes in biological systems. We developed a near-infrared fluorescent probe, CQ, which performed colorimetric and ratiometric detection of H2O2 and viscosity based on the FRET mechanism, and was capable of monitoring changes in viscosity and H2O2 levels simultaneously through two different channels. Based on the specific reaction of H2O2 with borate ester, CQ exhibited a significant ratiometric response to H2O2 with a large Stokes shift of 221 nm, a detection limit of 0.87 µM, a near-infrared emission wavelength of 671 nm, a response time of 1 h, a wide detection ranges of 0.87-800 µM and a high energy transfer efficiency of 99.9 %. CQ could also recognize viscosity by the TICT mechanism, and efficiently detect viscosity changes caused by food thickeners. More importantly, CQ could successfully detect endogenous/exogenous H2O2 and viscosity in live HeLa cells, which was expected to be a practical tool for detecting H2O2 and viscosity in live cells.

A highly sensitive ratiometric fluorescent probe for detecting HSO3-/SO32- and viscosity change based on FRET/TICT mechanism.

BACKGROUND: Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a significant gas signaling molecule in organisms, and viscosity is a crucial parameter of the cellular microenvironment. They are both involved in regulating many physiological processes in the human body. However, abnormalities in SO2 and viscosity levels are associated with various diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, lung cancer, respiratory diseases, neurological disorders, diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. Hence, it is essential to explore novel and efficient fluorescent probes for simultaneously monitoring SO2 and viscosity in organisms. RESULTS: We selected quinolinium salt with good stability, high fluorescence intensity, good solubility and low cytotoxicity as the fluorophore and developed a highly sensitive ratiometric probe QQD to identify SO2 and viscosity changes based on Förster resonance energy transfer/twisted intramolecular charge transfer (FRET/TICT) mechanism. Excitingly, compared with other probes for SO2 detection, QQD not only identified HSO3-/SO32- with a large Stokes shift (218 nm), low detection limit (1.87 µM), good selectivity, high energy transfer efficiency (92 %) and wide recognition range (1.87-200 µM), but also identified viscosity with a 26-fold fluorescence enhancement and good linearity. Crucially, QQD was applied to detect HSO3-/SO32- and viscosity in actual water and food samples. In addition, QQD had low toxicity and good photostability for imaging HSO3-/SO32- and viscosity in cells. These results confirmed the feasibility and reliability of QQD for HSO3-/SO32- and viscosity imaging and environmental detection. SIGNIFICANCE: We reported a unique ratiometric probe QQD for detecting HSO3-/SO32- and viscosity based on the quinolinium skeleton. In addition to detecting HSO3-/SO32- and viscosity change in actual water and food samples, QQD could also monitor the variations of HSO3-/SO32- and viscosity in cells, which provided an experimental basis for further exploration of the role of SO2 derivatives and viscosity in biological systems.

A SE-DenseNet-LSTM model for locomotion mode recognition in lower limb exoskeleton.

Locomotion mode recognition in humans is fundamental for flexible control in wearable-powered exoskeleton robots. This article proposes a hybrid model that combines a dense convolutional network (DenseNet) and long short-term memory (LSTM) with a channel attention mechanism (SENet) for locomotion mode recognition. DenseNet can automatically extract deep-level features from data, while LSTM effectively captures long-dependent information in time series. To evaluate the validity of the hybrid model, inertial measurement units (IMUs) and pressure sensors were used to obtain motion data from 15 subjects. Five locomotion modes were tested for the hybrid model, such as level ground walking, stair ascending, stair descending, ramp ascending, and ramp descending. Furthermore, the data features of the ramp were inconspicuous, leading to large recognition errors. To address this challenge, the SENet module was incorporated, which improved recognition rates to some extent. The proposed model automatically extracted the features and achieved an average recognition rate of 97.93%. Compared with known algorithms, the proposed model has substantial recognition results and robustness. This work holds promising potential for applications such as limb support and weight bearing.

Clinical and genetic factors associated with contralateral progression in unilateral moyamoya disease: Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Study.

Objective: This study aimed to explore the long-term outcome of unilateral moyamoya disease and predict the clinical and genetic factors associated with contralateral progression in unilateral moyamoya disease. Methods: We retrospectively recruited unilateral moyamoya disease patients with available genetic data who underwent encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis (EDAS) surgery at our institution from January 2009 to November 2017. Long-term follow-up data, including clinical outcomes, angiographic features, and genetic information, were analyzed. Results: A total of 83 unilateral moyamoya disease patients with available genetic data were enrolled in our study. The mean duration of clinical follow-up was 7.9 ± 2.0 years. Among all patients, 19 patients demonstrated contralateral progression to bilateral disease. Heterozygous Ring Finger Protein 213 p.R4810K mutations occurred significantly more frequently in unilateral moyamoya disease patients with contralateral progression. Furthermore, patients with contralateral progression typically demonstrated an earlier age of onset than those with non-progressing unilateral moyamoya disease. In the contralateral progression group, posterior circulation involvement was observed in 11 (11/19, 57.9%) patients compared to 12 (12/64, 18.8%) in the non-contralateral progression group (P = 0.001). The time to peak of cerebral perfusion and neurological status showed significant postoperative improvement. Conclusion: Long-term follow-up revealed that the EDAS procedure might provide benefits for unilateral moyamoya disease patients. Ring Finger Protein 213 p.R4810K mutations, younger age, and posterior circulation involvement might predict the contralateral progression of unilateral moyamoya disease.

A ratiometric fluorescent probe based on the FRET platform for the detection of sulfur dioxide derivatives and viscosity.

BACKGROUND: Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a common gaseous pollutant that significantly threatens environmental pollution and human health. Meanwhile, viscosity is an essential parameter of the intracellular microenvironment, manipulating many physiological roles such as nutrient transport, metabolism, signaling regulation and apoptosis. Currently, most of the fluorescent probes used for detecting SO2 derivatives and viscosity are single-emission probes or probes based on the ICT mechanism, which suffer from short emission wavelengths, small Stokes shifts or susceptibility to environmental background. Therefore, the development of powerful high-performance probes for real-time monitoring of sulfur dioxide derivatives and viscosity is of great significance for human health. RESULTS: In this research, we designed the fluorescent probe QQC to detect SO2 derivatives and viscosity based on FRET platform with quinolinium salt as donor and quinolinium-carbazole as acceptor. QQC exhibited a ratiometric fluorescence response to SO2 with a low detection limit (0.09 µM), large Stokes shift (186 nm) and high energy transfer efficiency (95 %), indicating that probe QQC had good sensitivity and specificity. In addition, QQC was sensitive to viscosity, with an 9.10-folds enhancement of orange fluorescence and an excellent linear relationship (R2 = 0.98) between the logarithm of fluorescence intensity at 592 nm and viscosity. Importantly, QQC could not only recognize SO2 derivatives in real water samples and food, but also detect viscosity changes caused by food thickeners and thereby had broad market application prospects. SIGNIFICANCE: We have developed a ratiometric fluorescent probe based on the FRET platform for detecting sulfur dioxide derivatives and viscosity. QQC could not only successfully detect SO2 derivatives in food and water samples, but also be made into test strips for detecting HSO3-/SO32- solution. In addition, the probe was also used to detect viscosity changes caused by food thickeners. Therefore, this novel probe had significant value in food and environmental detection applications.

NBD-based colorimetric and ratiometric fluorescent probe in NIR for bisulfite.

This work presented a FRET-ICT based fluorescent probe (named NTC) composed of coumarin-benzothiazole as the acceptor and 4-nitrobenzo[c][1,2,5] oxadiazole (NBD) as the donor for the detection of SO2 derivatives in NIR. Probe NTC possessed superior performance including selectivity, quickly response toward SO32-/HSO3- and high energy transfer efficiency (94 %). The test strips provided a simple and effective tool in detecting the presence of bisulfite. Besides, NTC was applied to test the sulfur dioxide derivatives in food samples and cells.

A novel ratiometric fluorescence probe based on the FRET-ICT mechanism for detecting fluoride ions and viscosity.

Fluoride ion is not only important for dental health, but also a contributing factor in a variety of diseases. At the same time, fluoride ions and cell viscosity are both important to the physiological environment of mitochondria. We developed a dual-response ratiometric fluorescent probe BDF based on Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) mechanism for the detection of F- and viscosity. BDF has an outstanding intramolecular energy transfer efficiency of 97.7% and shows excellent performance for fluorine ion detection. In addition, when the system viscosity increases, the fluorescence emission intensity of BDF is greatly heightened, indicating the possibility of viscosity detection. Finally, based on the fluorescence properties of BDF, we used the probe to detect F- in the toothpaste sample and image exogenous fluoride ions in HeLa cells.

Long-term outcomes after conservative and EDAS treatment for 111 elderly patients with moyamoya disease: longitudinal and cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore the clinical features of moyamoya disease (MMD) and the efficacy of encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis (EDAS) in elderly patients with MMD and to identify the risk factors for long-term stroke events. METHODS: Clinical data were retrospectively collected on elderly patients with MMD (age ≥ 60 years) who had been treated at the authors' center from May 2007 to December 2017. Clinical features, angiographic findings, and long-term outcomes (> 5-year follow-up) were analyzed. Cox regression analysis was performed to determine the risk factors for postoperative stroke events. Long-term stroke events were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier curves. RESULTS: The mean age at symptom onset was 62.9 ± 3.0 years among 111 elderly patients with MMD. Vascular comorbidities were present in 80 (72.1%) patients. The ratio of female to male patients was 1:1.2. Familial MMD was found in 7 (6.3%) patients. Cerebral ischemia was the most common clinical manifestation observed in 82 (73.9%) patients. Most patients (59.5%) presented with Suzuki stages 5 and 6 MMD, and 29 (26.1%) patients presented with stenosis or occlusion of the posterior circulation. Unilateral MMD was present in 17 (15.3%) patients. Among the 58 (52.3%) patients who underwent EDAS, 28 (48.3%) and 30 (51.7%) underwent bilateral and unilateral surgeries, respectively. Overall, 53 (47.7%) patients were treated conservatively using internal medicine. After a median follow-up duration of 8.2 years, stroke incidence in the EDAS and conservative treatment groups was respectively 17.2% (7 and 3 cases of cerebral infarction and hemorrhage, respectively) and 49.1% (22 and 4 cases of cerebral infarction and hemorrhage, respectively). The stroke incidence rate was higher in the conservative group than in the EDAS group, with a statistically significant difference (p = 0.001) according to results of the Kaplan-Meier analysis. The identified predictor of postoperative stroke events was initial hemorrhage in the EDAS group and advanced age, aneurysm, and initial ischemia in the conservative treatment group. CONCLUSIONS: The postoperative long-term stroke rate among elderly patients with MMD was lower in the EDAS group than in the conservative treatment group. Long-term stroke events were associated with advanced age, aneurysm, and initial ischemia after conservative treatment and only initial hemorrhage after EDAS.

Novel beagle model of gastric local fibrotic target lesions for the evaluation and training of endoscopic techniques.

BACKGROUND: Novel endoscopic techniques used in the treatment of gastric lesions with local submucosal fibrosis need preclinical evaluation and training due to safety limitations. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to establish an animal model of gastric local fibrotic target lesions and assess its feasibility in the evaluation and training of endoscopic techniques. METHODS: In six experimental beagles, a 50% glucose solution was injected into three submucosal areas of the fundus, body, and antrum of the stomach to create gastric local fibrotic target lesions (experimental group). On post-injection day (PID) 7, the injection sites were assessed endoscopically to confirm the presence of submucosal fibrosis formation, and the dental floss clip traction assisted endoscopic submucosal dissection (DFC-ESD) procedure was performed on the gastric local fibrotic target lesions to confirm its feasibility after endoscopic observation. The normal gastric mucosa of six control beagles underwent the same procedure (control group). All the resected specimens were evaluated by histological examination. RESULTS: All 12 beagles survived without postoperative adverse events. On PID 7, 16 ulcer changes were observed at the injection sites (16/18) under the endoscope, and endoscopic ultrasonography confirmed the local submucosal fibrosis formation in all ulcer lesions. The subsequent DFC-ESD was successfully performed on the 32 gastric target lesions, and the mean submucosal dissection time in the ulcer lesions was greater than that in the normal gastric mucosa (15.3 ± 5.6 vs. 6.8 ± 0.8 min; P < 0.001). There was no difference in rates of en bloc resection, severe hemorrhage, or perforation between the two groups. Histological analysis of the ulcer lesions showed the absence of epithelial or muscularis mucosae and extensive submucosal fibrous tissue proliferations compared with normal gastric mucosa. Overall, endoscopists had high satisfaction with the realism and feasibility of the animal model. CONCLUSION: We developed a novel animal model of gastric local fibrotic target lesions to simulate difficult clinical situations, which strongly appeared to be suitable for the preclinical evaluation and learning of advanced endoscopic techniques.

Air embolism after CT-guided localization of pulmonary ground-glass nodules.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the incidence of air embolism (AE) related to CT-guided localization of pulmonary ground-glass nodules (GGNs) prior to video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). METHODS: The data of all patients who received CT-guided localization of GGNs before VATS from May 2020 to October 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 1395 consecutive patients with 1553 GGNs were enrolled. AEs occurred in seven patients (0.5%). In four of the seven patients with AE, the embolism was detected before the patients left the CT table and emergency treatments were carried out. Among them, one patient had chest tightness and unilateral limb dyskinesia, one patient had convulsions and transient loss of consciousness, and two patients had no definite clinical symptoms. After a short-term high-flow oxygen inhalation, the clinical symptoms of two patients with symptomatic AE disappeared and two patients with asymptomatic AE did not show any symptoms. In the remaining three patients with AE, the embolism were detected retrospectively when evaluating the images in the PACS for this study. Fortunately, these three patients never developed clinical symptoms related to AE. All seven patients with AE underwent VATS on the day of localization and all GGNs were successfully removed under the guidance of markers. CONCLUSION: The incidence of AE related to CT-guided localization of GGNs was 0.5%, which was significantly higher than expected. Post-localization whole thoracic CT should be performed and observed carefully so as to avoid missed AE and delayed treatment. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: The incidence of AE related to CT-guided localization of GGNs was 0.5%. In order to timely detect AE, whole thoracic CT scan rather than local CT in the lesion area should be performed after localization. A small amount of AE may be missed if the post- localization CT images are not carefully observed.

Factors influencing the prognosis of acute basilar artery occlusion patients treated endovascularly: the impact of treatment time window and preoperative symptoms.

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the factors influencing the prognosis of patients diagnosed with acute basilar artery occlusion (BAO) who receive endovascular treatment. Our particular emphasis was on the predictive implications of the time window for treatment (from symptom onset to femoral artery puncture) and preoperative symptoms for prognosis. Methods: A retrospective analysis of data collected from 51 BAO patients who received endovascular treatment at the Neurosurgery Department of Jinhua Central Hospital from April 2018 to October 2021 was undertaken. The data included immediate post-interventional recanalization rates and the 90-day clinical prognoses of the patients. We used the Modified Rankin Scale (mRs) to categorize patients into two prognosis groups: a favorable prognosis group (mRs score ≤2) and an unfavorable prognosis group (mRs score >2). Preoperative symptoms were gauged using the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores. A logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify risk factors affecting the prognosis of BAO patients following endovascular treatment. Results: The procedure resulted in complete recanalization in all patients (100%). However, four patients (7.8%) passed away during the postoperative hospitalization period. The remaining 47 patients were followed up for 3 months. It was found that 15 patients (31.91%) had a favorable prognosis, while 32 (68.09%) had an unfavorable prognosis. It was generally observed that patients with an unfavorable prognosis had notably higher preoperative GCS and NIHSS scores (p < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed that preoperative symptom severity, as indicated by NIHSS score, and treatment time window were significant prognostic risk factors for patients undergoing endovascular treatment for BAO (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Endovascular intervention for BAO appears to be safe and effective, with greater likelihood of a favorable prognosis in patients treated within ≤6 h. The chances of favorable prognosis could potentially be linked to the severity of the patient's preoperative symptoms.

Factors Influencing Collateral Circulation Formation After Indirect Revascularization for Moyamoya Disease: a Narrative Review.

Indirect revascularization is one of the main techniques for the treatment of Moyamoya disease. The formation of good collateral circulation is a key measure to improve cerebral blood perfusion and reduce the risk of secondary stroke, and is the main method for evaluating the effect of indirect revascularization. Therefore, how to predict and promote the formation of collateral circulation before and after surgery is important for improving the success rate of indirect revascularization in Moyamoya disease. Previous studies have shown that vascular endothelial growth factor, endothelial progenitor cells, Caveolin-1, and other factors observed in patients with Moyamoya disease may play a key role in the generation of collateral vessels after indirect revascularization through endothelial hyperplasia and smooth muscle migration. In addition, mutations in the genetic factor RNF213 have also been associated with this process. This study summarizes the factors and mechanisms influencing collateral circulation formation after indirect revascularization in Moyamoya disease.

Declined Serum Resolvin D1 Levels to Predict Severity and Prognosis of Human Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Background: Resolvin D1 (RvD1) possesses anti-inflammatory properties and may be neuroprotective. This study was designed to ascertain the potential role of serum RvD1 in the evaluation of aSAH severity and prognosis of human aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Methods: In this prospective observational study, serum RvD1 levels were measured in 123 patients with aSAH and in 123 healthy volunteers. Six-month neurological function was assessed using extended Glasgow outcome scale (GOSE). A prognostic prediction model was appraised using a series of evaluative tools, such as a nomogram, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, decision curve, calibration curve, restricted cubic spline, and Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit statistics. Results: Serum RvD1 levels were markedly lower in patients than in controls (median, 0.54 versus 1.47 ng/mL; P<0.001). Serum RvD1 levels were independently correlated with Hunt-Hess scores (beta, -0.154; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.198--0.109; VIF, 1.769; P=0.001), modified Fisher scores (beta, -0.066; 95% CI, -0.125--0.006; VIF, 1.567; P=0.031) and 6-month GOSE scores (beta, 1.864; 95% CI, 0.759-2.970; VIF, 1.911; P=0.001) and were independently predictive of a poor prognosis (GOSE scores of 1-4) (odds ratio, 0.137; 95% CI, 0.023-0.817; P=0.029). Serum RvD1 levels significantly distinguished the risk of a worse prognosis, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.750 (95% CI, 0.664-0.824). Using the Youden method, serum RvD1 levels < 0.6 ng/mL was effective in predicting worse prognosis with 84.1% sensitivity and 62.0% specificity. Moreover, the model containing serum RvD1 levels, Hunt-Hess scores and modified Fisher scores was efficient, reliable and beneficial in prognostic prediction using a series of the afore-mentioned evaluative tools. Conclusion: A decline in serum RvD1 levels following aSAH is closely correlated with illness severity and independently predicts a worse outcome in patients with aSAH, implying that serum RvD1, as a prognostic biomarker of aSAH, may be of clinical value in aSAH.

Surgical outcomes following encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis in moyamoya disease associated with hyperhomocysteinemia.

INTRODUCTION: This study investigated the effect of indirect revascularization surgery in adult patients with moyamoya disease (MMD) complicated with hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), and the effect of HHcy on the progression of adult MMD. METHODS: A retrospective case-control study was conducted in patients with MMD, with or without HHcy (n = 123). Postoperative collateral angiogenesis was evaluated using the Matsushima grading system and disease progression using the Suzuki staging system. Cerebral blood flow was evaluated before and after surgery using dynamic susceptibility contrast magnetic resonance imaging (DSC-MRI) and neurological function prognosis using the improved Rankin score (mRS). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine risk factors for the clinical outcomes. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the Suzuki stage composition ratios between the HHcy group and the non-HHcy group before and after surgery. Non-HHcy patients were more likely to grow new collateral circulating vessels after encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis (EDAS). Moreover, postoperative DSC-MRI indicated that the time to peak significantly improved. CONCLUSIONS: HHcy level may be a specific predictor of adverse clinical outcomes after EDAS in patients with MMD and a risk factor for poor collateral circulation and poor prognosis. Patients with MMD complicated with HHcy need to strictly control homocysteine levels before EDAS surgery.

In this retrospective study, we found that patients with MMD complicated by HHcy had poor collateral angiogenesis after EDAS, faster disease progression, and worse clinical outcomes.