Dataset of the nutritional composition of follow-on infant formulas commercialized worldwide in 2021.

The main objective of infant follow-on formulas, consumed from the age of 6 to 12 months, is to mimic the composition of breast milk in order to meet the nutritional needs of infant. In this context, their composition is governed in Europe by a strict regulation that has evolved in 2020 to force manufacturers to improve the nutritional profile of the formulas. The objective of this dataset was to collect the ingredient lists and nutritional values of infant follow-on formulas present on the world market with a focus on the lipid fraction. The data collection was carried out from December 2020 to April 2021 directly on the product packaging or on the websites of the different brands. Only "classic" infant follow-on formulas that are widely consumed were listed. Thus, the ingredient lists and nutritional values of 91 infant formulas were collected. The nutritional values are systematically presented for 100 g of powder, for 100 Kcal and for 100 mL of formula. The sources of fats, emulsifiers and vitamins A and E were also extracted from the ingredient lists. This dataset can be used as a tool for the formulation of infant follow-on formulas or to situate the positioning of products in relation to the market.

Comparison of the effect of various sources of saturated fatty acids on infant follow-on formulas oxidative stability and nutritional profile.

Fortification of infant follow-on formulas (IFF) with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which is prone to lipid oxidation, is required by European regulation. This study aimed to identify lipid formulation parameters that improve the nutritional profile and oxidative stability of IFF. Model IFF were formulated using different lipid and emulsifier sources, including refined (POM) or unrefined red palm oil (RPOM), coconut oil (COM), dairy fat (DFOM), soy lecithin, and dairy phospholipids (DPL). After an accelerated storage, RPOM and DFOM with DPL had improved oxidative stability compared to other IFF. Specifically, they had a peroxide value twice lower than POM and 20% less loss of tocopherols for DFOM-DPL. This higher stability was mainly explained by the presence of compounds such as carotenoids in RPOM and sphingomyelin in DFOM-DPL very likely acting synergistically with tocopherols. Incorporation of dairy lipids and carotenoids into DHA-enriched IFF compositions seems promising to enhance their stability and nutritional quality.

Chemical composition and the insecticidal activity of Aeollanthus pubescens leaf essential oil against Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto.

BACKGROUND: The excessive use of synthetic insecticides is responsible for many cases of resistance in insects. Therefore, the use of natural molecules of ecological interest with insecticidal properties is an alternative approach to the use of synthetic insecticides. The aim of this study is to investigating the larvicidal and adulticidal activity and the chemical composition of the essential oil of Aeollanthus pubescens on the major malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae. METHODS: Three reference strains of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (Kisumu, Kiskdr and Acerkis) were used in this study. The leaves of A. pubescens were collected in southern Benin. The standard World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines for larvicide evaluation were used, and the chemical composition of the essential oil was analysed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Adult mosquitoes of each strain were exposed to pieces of net coated with the essential oil for 3 min using the WHO cone bioassay method. Probit regression analysis was used to determine the concentrations that would kill 50 and 95% of each test population (LC50, LC95) and the knockdown time for 50 and 95% of each test population (KDT50, and KDT95). The difference between the mortality-dose regressions for the different strains was analysed using the likelihood ratio test (LRT). The log-rank test was performed to evaluate the difference in survival between the strains. RESULTS: A total of 14 components were identified, accounting for 98.3% of total oil content. The major components were carvacrol (51.1%), thymyle acetate (14.0%) and É£-terpinene (10.6%). The essential oil showed larvicidal properties on the Kisumu, Acerkis and Kiskdr strains, with LC50 of 29.6, 22.9 and 28.4 ppm, respectively. With pieces of netting treated at 165 µg/cm2, the KDT50 of both Acerkis (1.71 s; Z = 3.34, P < 0.001) and Kiskdr (2.67 s; Z = 3.49, P < 0.001) individuals were significantly lower than that of Kisumu (3.8 s). The lifespan of the three mosquito strains decreased to 1 day for Kisumu (χ2 = 99, df = 1, P < 0.001), 2 days for Acerkis (χ2 = 117, df = 1, P < 0.001) and 3 days for Kiskdr (χ2 = 96.9, df = 1, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Our findings show that A. pubescens essential oil has larvicide and adulticide properties against the malaria vector An. gambiae sensu stricto, suggesting that this essential oil may be a potential candidate for the control of the resistant malaria-transmitting vectors.

Metabolomics of Pigmented Rice Coproducts Applying Conventional or Deep Eutectic Extraction Solvents Reveal a Potential Antioxidant Source for Human Nutrition.

Rice bran (RB) corresponds to the outer layers of whole grain rice and contains several phenolic compounds (PCs) that make it an interesting functional food ingredient. PC richness is enhanced in pigmented RB varieties and requires effective ways of extraction of these compounds. Therefore, we investigated conventional and deep eutectic solvents (DES) extraction methods to recover a wide array of PCs from red and black RB. The RB were extracted with ethanol/water (60:40, v/v) and two DES (choline chloride/1.2-propanediol/water, 1:1:1 and choline chloride/lactic acid, 1:10, mole ratios), based on Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) components. Besides the quantification of the most typical phenolic acids of cereals, nontargeted metabolomic approaches were applied to PCs profiling in the extracts. Globally, metabolomics revealed 89 PCs belonging to flavonoids (52%), phenolic acids (33%), other polyphenols (8%), lignans (6%) and stilbenes (1%) classes. All extracts, whatever the solvents, were highly concentrated in the main phenolic acids found in cereals (37-66 mg/100 g in black RB extracts vs. 6-20 mg/100 g in red RB extracts). However, the PC profile was highly dependent on the extraction solvent and specific PCs were extracted using the acidic DES. The PC-enriched DES extracts demonstrated interesting DPPH scavenging activity, which makes them candidates for novel antioxidant formulations.

Synthesis and Evaluation of Antioxidant Activities of Novel Hydroxyalkyl Esters and Bis-Aryl Esters Based on Sinapic and Caffeic Acids.

Novel hydroxyalkyl esters and bis-aryl esters were synthesized from sinapic and caffeic acids and aliphatic α,ω-diols of increasing chain lengths from 2 to 12 carbon atoms. Then, their antiradical reactivity (DPPH assay) and their antioxidant activity in a model oil-in-water emulsion (CAT assay) were evaluated. All the esters showed lower antiradical activities compared to their corresponding phenolic acid. This decrease was associated with the steric hindrance in hydroxyalkyl esters, and intramolecular interactions in bis-aryl esters. Regarding the two bis-aryl esters series in emulsion, the antioxidant capacity was improved with alkyl chain lengthening up to four carbons, after which it decreased for longer chains. This "cutoff" effect was not observed for both hydroxyalkyl esters series for which the alkyl chain lengthening results in a decrease of the antioxidant activity.

Investigation on the Double CutOff Phenomenon Observed in Protocatechuic Acid and Its Alkyl Esters under Various CAT-Based Assays.

A strange cutoff phenomenon of a series of protocatechuic acid alkyl esters had been noticed using the conjugated autoxidizable triene (CAT) assay. Two parabolic shapes of antioxidant activities of protocatechuic acid alkyl esters described as ″the double cutoff effect″ have been speculated as a result of an oxidative driving force generated in the aqueous phase. The aim of this research was to investigate the double cutoff effect using various types of oxidation driving forces in different CAT-based assays. To further explain the phenomenon, the natural oxidation of conjugated autoxidizable triene (NatCAT) assay has been developed for the first time by relying solely on only the lipid autoxidation of tung oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions. In conclusion, NatCAT exhibited different antioxidant and oxidation patterns from both CAT and apolar radical-initiated CAT assays, and only one cutoff point was obtained. This discovery would lead to a greater understanding of the complexity of antioxidant/lipid oxidation dynamics in O/W emulsion systems.

Biomolecules extraction from coffee and cocoa by- and co-products using deep eutectic solvents.

BACKGROUND: Coffee pulp (CP), cocoa husk (CH), and pod husk (CPH) are the main agro-residues from coffee and cocoa industries. They are sources of useful biomolecules, such as phenolic compounds, fibers, and alkaloids, among others. In this study, different compositions of deep eutectic solvents (DES) were investigated as a green and sustainable extraction media, with respect to their extraction capacity. The extraction yields were evaluated using heat stirring-assisted extraction (HSE) or ultrasound-probe assisted extraction (UPAE). RESULTS: The results showed an important effect of the DES composition. Choline chloride (ChCl) based-DES were the most effective, specifically lactic acid:ChCl (2:1 mol ratio), and the extraction capacity of DES was higher with UPAE (3 min/constant duty cycle (200 W)), in comparison with HSE (1 h/30 min). Chlorogenic acid, caffeine, and theobromine were identified as the main bioactive compounds. Interestingly, under specific conditions, DES allowed the formation of a molecule, identified as furfural by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), which could not be obtained using conventional extraction solvent (ethanol 70% v/v). CONCLUSION: DES showed a sustainability and high extraction capacity of biomolecules. In addition, their use as extraction solvents could lead to the formation and production of valuable building block molecules from plant biomass. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Effect of sinapic acid ester derivatives on the oxidative stability of omega-3 fatty acids rich oil-in-water emulsions.

Oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions are important delivery systems of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA). We investigated the effect of sinapic acid esters concentration and chain length, the electrical charge of the emulsifier and emulsion pH on the oxidative stability of n-3 FA rich O/W emulsions. Echium oil was applied as n-3 FA source. A 24 factorial design was used to simultaneously evaluate these factors. Peroxide value, malondialdehyde, 2,4-heptadienal and 2,4-decadienal were measured in the emulsions. pH and the electrical charge of the emulsifier modulated the antioxidant effectiveness of sinapic acid esters, while concentration was not relevant. The combination of positively charged emulsifier with neutral pH provided the best oxidative stability for echium oil emulsions. Our results also suggested that the increase of length chain of sinapic acid, from C4 to C12, reduced the secondary products of oxidation, when echium oil emulsions were prepared using negatively charged emulsifier under acidic conditions.

Long-term follow-up of muscle lipid accumulation, mitochondrial activity and oxidative stress and their relationship with impaired glucose homeostasis in high fat high fructose diet-fed rats.

Metabolic syndrome components, including obesity, dyslipidemia and impaired glucose homeostasis, become a major public health issue. Muscles play a predominant role in insulin-mediated glucose uptake, and high fat diets may negatively affect muscle function and homeostasis. This work aimed to study the time-course of muscle lipid accumulation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction and their association to impaired glucose homeostasis in rats fed an obesogenic diet. Male Wistar rats were fed with a standard or a high fat/high fructose (HFHFr) diet and sacrificed on 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 weeks. Rats fed the HFHFr diet developed mild overweight, increased liver and adipose tissue weights and glucose intolerance. The impaired glucose homeostasis increased gradually with the HFHFr diet to become significant on the 12th and 16th weeks of diet. In parallel, the muscle lipid composition showed an increase in the saturated fatty acids and the monounsaturated fatty acids with a marked decrease in the polyunsaturated fatty acids. The HFHFr diet also increased muscle contents of both diacylglycerols and Ceramides. Surprisingly, HFHFr diet did not induce major muscle mitochondrial dysfunction or oxidative stress. These results indicate that muscle lipid alterations, as well as impaired glucose homeostasis occur as early as the 8th week of HFHFr diet, increase to reach a plateau around the 12th-16th weeks of diet, and then attenuate towards the end of study. At these diet treatment durations, muscle mitochondrial activity and oxidative stress remained unchanged and do not seem to have a major role in the observed impaired glucose homeostasis.

20-Week follow-up of hepatic steatosis installation and liver mitochondrial structure and activity and their interrelation in rats fed a high-fat-high-fructose diet.

The incidence of obesity and its metabolic complications are rapidly increasing and become a major public health issue. This trend is associated with an increase in the prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), insulin resistance and diabetes. The sequence of events leading to NAFLD progression and mitochondrial dysfunction and their interrelation remains to be elucidated. This study aimed to explore the installation and progression of NAFLD and its association with the liver mitochondrial structure and activity changes in rats fed an obesogenic diet up to 20 weeks. Male Wistar rats were fed either a standard or high-fat-high-fructose (HFHFR) diet and killed on 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 weeks of diet intake. Rats fed the HFHFR diet developed mildly overweight, associated with increased adipose tissue weight, hepatic steatosis, hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia after 8 weeks of HFHFR diet. Hepatic steatosis and many biochemical modifications plateaued at 8-12 weeks of HFHFR diet with slight amelioration afterwards. Interestingly, several biochemical and physiological parameters of mitochondrial function, as well as its phospholipid composition, in particular cardiolipin content, were tightly related to hepatic steatosis installation. These results showed once again the interrelation between hepatic steatosis development and mitochondrial activity alterations without being able to say whether the mitochondrial alterations preceded or followed the installation/progression of hepatic steatosis. Because both hepatic steatosis and mitochondrial alterations occurred as early as 4 weeks of diet, future studies should consider these four 1st weeks to reveal the exact interconnection between these major consequences of obesogenic diet intake.

Eleostearic phospholipids as probes to evaluate antioxidants efficiency against liposomes oxidation.

Regardless of the applications: therapeutic vehicle or membrane model to mimic complex biological systems; it is of a great importance to develop simplified, reproducible and rapid model assays allowing for a relevant assessment of the liposomal membrane oxidation and therefore antioxidant activity of selected molecules. Here, we describe a new and high-throughput assay that we called "Vesicle Conjugated Autoxidizable Triene (VesiCAT)". It is based on specific UV absorbance spectral properties of a new phospholipid probe, synthesized with natural conjugated eleostearic acid extracted from Tung oil. The VesiCAT assay has been developed with two different radical generators (2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride; AAPH and 2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile); AMVN), producing a constant flux of oxidant species, either in membrane or in aqueous phase. This method appears very efficient in assessing the effect of various pure antioxidant molecules in their ability to preserve liposomes from oxidative degradation. In addition, the AAPH- and AMVN-induced oxidations offer the possibility of extracting different but complementary information with respect to the antioxidants efficacy.

Solvent-Free Biodiesel Production Catalyzed by Crude Lipase Powder from Seeds: Effects of Alcohol Polarity, Glycerol, and Thermodynamic Water Activity.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of crude lipase powders made from Adansonia grandidieri and Jatropha mahafalensis seeds for the synthesis of fatty acid alkyl esters in a solvent-free system. The influence of the nature of the alcohol, the amount of glycerol, and hydration of the powder was investigated. Results showed that the activity of these crude lipase powders was inversely proportional to the alcohol polarity and the amount of the glycerol in the reaction medium. To ensure optimum activity, A. grandidieri and J. mahafalensis powders must be conditioned to a water activity of 0.33 and 0.66. To obtain a fatty acid ethyl ester yield greater than 95% with A. grandidieri, ethanol should be introduced at an amount corresponding to a triacylglycerol to ethanol molar ratio of 2:1 every 15 h for 96 h and use 25% of preconditioned crude lipase powders (2 additions of 12.5%).

Cyanobacteria as source of marine bioactive compounds: Molecular specific detection based on Δ9 desaturase gene.

The blue-green microalga, Arthrospira sp., isolated from the sea of Kssour Essef in Mahdia (Tunisia), was purified and then identified both morphologically and genetically based on 16S rRNA gene sequence. Following physicochemical analysis, the prokaryotic microalga tested represented a competitive source of pigments and showed a considerable rate in protein (64%) which was confirmed by FTIR measurement. The lipid content (4%) was quantified by the gravimetric method and the intracellular lipid bodies were detected with the Nile red staining. Using gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detector, the fatty acid profile revealed the presence of 27.4% and 32.88% of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), respectively. Given the richness of the isolated microalga in unsaturated fatty acids, we have developed a SYBR Green real time PCR method for the specific identification of Arthrospira sp. Δ9 desaturase gene. This current method will be of great value for carrying out high-throughput studies like cloning, heterologous expression and structure-function relationship analysis.

Lipophilization and MS characterization of the main anthocyanins purified from hibiscus flowers.

Hibiscus sabdariffa flowers represent an interesting source of anthocyanins, one of the most important plant pigments, which are responsible of the intense red color of the calyces, and have potential as natural colorants for food applications. Nevertheless, anthocyanins are highly hydrosoluble and unstable compounds. On this basis, the aim of this work was to increase the lipophilicity of the hibiscus anthocyanins by lipophilization, in order to obtain amphiphilic colorants, which could be easily incorporated in lipid-rich food matrices. Octanoyl derivatives of delphinidin-3-O-sambubioside and cyanidin-3-O-sambubioside were chemically obtained for the first time, and characterized by means of HPLC-ESI-MS data.

Evaluation of the ROS Inhibiting Activity and Mitochondrial Targeting of Phenolic Compounds in Fibroblast Cells Model System and Enhancement of Efficiency by Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NADES) Formulation.

PURPOSE: Many phenolics have already been tested for their antioxidant activities using in vitro methods. However, such assays do not consider the complexity of real cellular systems, and most of the phenolics characterized with such assays shows disappointing results when evaluated in cells. Accordingly, there is a need to develop effective screening methods. METHODS: Antioxidants were first evaluated by CAT assay and then, evaluated for their ability (i) to reduce the level of ROS using fluorescent probe, (ii) to cross fibroblast cell membranes using confocal microscopy, and (iii) to target mitochondria. Antioxidants were also formulated in NADES. RESULTS: Correlation was obtained when comparing CAT results with short term inhibition (2 h) in the fibroblast cells. On the contrary, it was difficult to anticipate ROS inhibiting efficiency at long term (24 h) from both the CAT assay and the short term inhibition measurements. Indeed, some molecules displayed activity rapidly but lost it over time. In contrast, other molecules were better for long term. The comparable efficiency at long term of Bis-Ethylhexyl Hydroxydimethoxy Benzylmalonate (Bis-EHBm) and decyl rosmarinate, prompted us to further investigate the potential mitochondrial targeting of the former. Using mitochondrial probes, our results confirmed its mitochondrial location. Finally, the formulation of antioxidants in NADES could greatly improve their activity. CONCLUSIONS: Combinations of fast acting and slow acting molecules could be promising strategies to identify a performant antioxidant system. Bis-EHBm behaves as decyl rosmarinate with a confirmed mitochondrial location. Finally, the formulation of antioxidants in NADES could greatly improve their activity for ROS inhibition.

Lipase Activity of Tropical Oilseed Plants for Ethyl Biodiesel Synthesis and Their Typo- and Regioselectivity.

The aim of this work was to investigate lipase activities in crude extracts from Adansonia suarezensis, Adansonia grandidieri, Moringa drouhardii, Moringa oleifera, Jatropha mahafalensis, and Jatropha curcas seeds in ethanolysis and hydrolysis reactions. All crude extracts from germinated seeds showed both ethanolysis and hydrolysis activities. The influence of germination, the delipidation procedure, and the triacylglycerol/ethanol molar ratio on their ethanolysis activity was studied. Crude extracts of Jatropha and Adansonia seeds showed optimal activity at pH 8 with an optimum temperature of 30 and 40 °C, respectively. The study of the regioselectivity of crude extracts from J. mahafalensis and A. grandidieri seeds, which had the most active hydrolysis reaction, showed 1,3 regioselectivity in the hydrolysis reaction of vegetable oils. The crude extract from A. grandidieri seeds showed no typoselectivity, whereas the typoselectivity of the crude extract of J. mahafalensis seeds depended on the type of reaction.

Isolation and Characterization of Anthocyanins from Hibiscus sabdariffa Flowers.

The intense red-colored Hibiscus sabdariffa flowers are an inexpensive source of anthocyanins with potential to be used as natural, innocuous, and health-beneficial colorants. An anthocyanin-rich extract from hibiscus flowers was obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction. By a single-step process fractionation using a Sep-Pak C18 cartridge, the main hibiscus anthocyanins, delphinidin-3-O-sambubioside (Dp-samb) and cyanidin-3-O-sambubioside (Cy-samb), were separated and then characterized via NMR and HPLC-ESIMS data. Since Dp-samb was the most abundant anthocyanin identified in the extract, its colorant properties were studied by the pH jumps method, which allowed the calculation of the single acid-base equilibrium (pK'a 2.92), the acidity (pKa 3.70), and the hydration constants (pKh 3.02). Moreover, by using size-exclusion chromatography, new cyanidin-derived anthocyanins (with three or more sugar units) were successfully identified and reported for the first time in the hibiscus extract.

Antioxidant activity of protocatechuates evaluated by DPPH, ORAC, and CAT methods.

Hibiscus sabdariffa L. is a worldwide consumed plant, principally after infusion of its dried sepals and calyces, which are usually discarded. Nevertheless, they represent a potential source of natural bioactive compounds, e.g. polyphenols, which could add value to this under-exploited plant. Protocatechuic acid (PA) was chosen as a model of the phenolic acids that can be extracted from H. sabdariffa. In order to modify PA hydrophilic character, which limits its use in lipid-rich food products, PA was esterified to C1-C18 alcohols, and the impact of lipophilization on its antioxidant activity was evaluated in both, an homogeneous (DPPH and ORAC methods) and an heterogeneous (CAT method) system. Results herein obtained showed that, depending on the grafted alkyl chain length, lipophilization could positively affect the antioxidant activity of PA in heterogeneous media; therefore, support its use as an innovative way to synthesize molecules with an improved antioxidant capacity and potential to be used as multifunctional preservatives in food.

Relationship between hydrophobicity and antioxidant ability of "phenolipids" in emulsion: a parabolic effect of the chain length of rosmarinate esters.

The polar paradox predicts that hydrophobic antioxidants are more active in emulsions than their hydrophilic homologues, thus assuming a linear dependency between hydrophobicity and antioxidant capacity. In contrast, we formulate in this paper an alternative hypothesis assuming a possible nonlinear dependency. To verify this so-called "nonlinear hypothesis", the antioxidant capacity of a homologous series of rosmarinic acid and its alkyl esters (methyl, butyl, octyl, dodecyl, hexadecyl, octadecyl, and eicosyl) was evaluated using a newly developed conjugated autoxidizable triene (CAT) assay. It appeared that the antioxidant capacity increases as the alkyl chain is lengthened, with a maximum for the octyl chain, after which further chain extension leads to a collapse in antioxidant capacity. This nonlinear effect was discussed in relation to the "cutoff effect" generally observed in studies using cultured cells. This new hypothesis may provide a better understanding of the antioxidant behavior of phenolics in emulsion which is a key to develop new antioxidant strategies to protect lipid substrates from oxidation. Moreover, the lipophilization with medium chain appeared as a promising way to enhance the antioxidant capacity of phenolics since octyl rosmarinate was three times more effective than rosmarinic acid which is already one of the most powerful known phenolic antioxidant. Finally, this work paves the way for systematic investigation of the chain length effect to design new "phenolipids" in a rational fashion.

Chain length affects antioxidant properties of chlorogenate esters in emulsion: the cutoff theory behind the polar paradox.

Twenty years ago, Porter et al. (J. Agric. Food Chem. 1989, 37, 615 - 624) put forward the polar paradox stating among others that apolar antioxidants are more active in emulsified media than their polar homologues. However, some recent results showing that not all antioxidants behave in the manner proposed by this hypothesis led us to investigate the relationship between antioxidant property and hydrophobicity. With a complete homologous series of chlorogenic acid esters (methyl, butyl, octyl, dodecyl, hexadecyl, octadecyl, and eicosyl), we observed in emulsified medium that antioxidant capacity increases as the alkyl chain is lengthened, with a threshold for the dodecyl chain, after which further chain extension leads to a drastic decrease in antioxidant capacity. The antioxidant capacity evaluation in emulsion was possible using a newly developed conjugated autoxidizable triene (CAT) assay, which allows the assessment of both hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidants. The nonlinear behavior was mainly explained in terms of antioxidant location since it was found from partition analysis that the dodecyl ester presented the lowest concentration in the aqueous phase and also that the quantity of emulsifier drastically changes the partition of antioxidant. In addition, this nonlinear influence was connected to the so-called cutoff effect largely observed in studies using cultured cells. Taken together, these different results allow one to make the proposal of a new scenario of the behavior of phenolic compounds in emulsified systems with special emphasis on the micellization process. Finally, in the CAT system, the polar paradox appeared to be the particular case of a far more global nonlinear effect that was observed here.