A Decrease in Branched-Chain Amino Acids after a Competitive Male Professional Volleyball Game-A Metabolomic-Based Approach.

A competitive volleyball game is a highly metabolic and physically demanding event for professional players. This study aimed to investigate whether a single game at the end of a preseason promotes changes in the biochemical markers of physical exercise responses and the metabolomic profile of professional volleyball players. This cross-sectional study included 13 male Brazilian professional volleyball players. Food intake, body composition, heart rate, physical movement variables, and blood biochemical indicators were evaluated. For non-target metabolomic analysis, serum samples were subjected to 500 MHz Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Data analysis showed no significant difference in the biochemical indicators after the game (p > 0.05). The level of metabolites present in the groups of the main components (ß-hydroxybutyrate, arginine/lysine, isoleucine, leucine, and valine) had decreased after the game. However, formic acid and histidine levels increased. Among the compounds not part of the main components, hypoxanthine and tyrosine increased, whereas low-density lipoprotein and very low-density lipoprotein levels decreased. After the game, the metabolomic profiles of players showed significant negative variations in essential amino acids (leucine, valine, and isoleucine). These decreases might be influenced by athlete diet and reduced glycogen storage due to lower carbohydrate intake, potentially impacting serum-essential amino acid levels via oxidation in skeletal muscle. The study provides insights for developing metabolic compensation strategies in athletes.

Psychophysiological responses during the microcycle with the start of the national championship: A case study of a volleyball team

The aim of the study was to monitoring psychophysiological responses among volleyball players in the microcycle with a high-performance competition game scheduled. Methods: Ten male athletes (26.6 ± 5.3 years) from an adult volleyball team participated in the study. The variables session Rating of Perceived Exertion (Session RPE), Total Quality of Recovery scale (TQR), Well-being questionnaire (WB), testosterone, cortisol, and testosterone/cortisol Ratio (T:C ratio) were evaluated during the microcycle before the game. Results: Differences were observed in the daily training load (F = 23.776; p < 0.001), TQR (F = 10.687; p < 0.001), WB (F = 6.736; p < 0.001), cortisol (F = 8.253; p < 0.001) and T:C ratio (F = 3.862; p = 0.01). Conclusion: The behavior of the variables fluctuated with factors such as training load, number of training days and time off, and due to the psychophysiological stress of the match. (AU)

Physical demands and psychophysiological stress in young athletes team sports / Exigências físicas e estresse psicofisiológico em jovens atletas de esportes coletivos

ABSTRACT Training monitoring is important in the development process of the athlete. The objective of the study was to characterize the psychophysiological response and physical demands of soccer, basketball, handball, and volleyball with young athletes. The sample consisted of 61 young athletes of both genders and members of team sports, 10 training sessions for each modality were monitored. The psychophysiological responses were monitored by the session rating perception of exertion (Session RPE) and training impulse (TRIMP). The physical demands were, distance covered (DC), DC by speed zone (DC_Z1, DC_Z2, DC_Z3, DC_Z4, DC_Z5), number of sprints, and duration of the session. In addition, the recovery status (TQR) was also collected. Differences were noted between duration (p<0.001), DC_Z1 (p<0.017), DC_Z2 (p<0.05), DC_Z3 (p<0.05), DC_Z4 (p<0.003), DC_Z5 (p < 0.05), sprints (p < 0.001), TRIMP (p<0.02), Session RPE (p<0.05) and TQR (p<0.007). In psychophysiological responses, handball showed more time in zones 4 and 5 than other modalities. According to physical demands, basketball, and handball had a higher number of sprints and also higher values ​​in DP_Z5. Therefore, the simultaneous monitoring of physical demands and psychophysiological responses provides supplementary information in monitoring young athletes.

RESUMO O monitoramento do treinamento é importante no processo de desenvolvimento dos atletas. O objetivo do estudo foi comparar as respostas psicofisiológicas e as demandas físicas de jovens atletas de futebol, basquete, handebol e voleibol. A amostra foi constituída por 61 indivíduos de ambos os gêneros que foram acompanhados ao longo de 10 sessões de treino de cada modalidade em questão. As respostas psicofisiológicas foram monitoradas através da percepção subjetiva de esforço da sessão (PSE da sessão) e o impulso de treinamento (TRIMP). As demandas físicas analisadas foram a distância total percorrida (DP), DP por zona de velocidade (DP_Z1, DP_Z2, DP_Z3, DP_Z4, DP_Z5), número de sprints e a duração das sessões. Além disso, o estado de recuperação (TQR) também foi analisado. Foram observadas diferenças significativas entre a duração das sessões (p<0,001), DP_Z1 (p<0,017), DP_Z2 (p<0,05), DP_Z3 (p<0,05), DP_Z4 (p<0,003), DP_Z5 (p <0,05), número de sprints (p < 0,001), TRIMP (p<0,02), PSE da sessão (p<0,05) e TQR (p<0,007). Nas respostas psicofisiológicas, o handebol apresentou mais tempo nas zonas 4 e 5 em comparação demais modalidades. Nas demandas físicas, o basquete e o handebol apresentaram maior número de sprints e também maiores valores na DP_Z5. Dessa forma, o monitoramento em conjunto das demandas físicas e respostas psicofisiológicas fornecem informações complementares no monitoramento de jovens atletas.

Detecção de talentos no voleibol: uma modelagem estatística baseada na estatura adulta prevista de escolares / Talent identification for volleyball: a statistical modeling based on the students' predicted adult height

RESUMO Saber a estatura que um jovem irá atingir na idade adulta pode auxiliar os treinadores e gestores na detecção de talentos para o voleibol no contexto escolar. O objetivo do estudo foi criar uma modelagem estatística para detecção de talentos no voleibol, baseada na estatura adulta prevista (EAP) e descrever a proporção de alunos com potencial de estatura compatível com atletas de voleibol de elite. A amostra foi composta por 1060 escolares de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 12 e 16 anos, e por atletas de voleibol que disputaram a Superliga A de Voleibol Masculino e Feminino 2018-2019. A estimativa da EAP foi feita pelo método Kamis-Roche. A modelagem estatística foi realizada a partir da Estratégia Z-Celafiscs. Verificou-se que 4,3% dos meninos e 2,2% das meninas apresentaram um potencial de estatura adulta compatível com a estatura de atletas de voleibol de elite (≥1,90 m para os meninos; ≥1,78 m para as meninas), variando de acordo com a posição de jogo. Conclui-se que a estatura adulta prevista pode ser útil na detecção de potencias talentos para o voleibol no contexto escolar, identificando precocemente aqueles que terão elevada estatura na idade adulta.

ABSTRACT Knowing the stature that a young person will reach in adulthood can help coaches and sport managers in identifying talents for volleyball in a school scenario. The aim of the present study was to develop a statistical modeling to identify talents from volleyball players based on predicted adult height (PAH), and to show the proportion of students with potential body height compatible with the average height of high-level volleyball athletes. The study sample included 1060 students, wherein both masculine and feminine volleyball players, with the age ranging from 12-16 years, and volleyball players from the Brazilian Men's and Women's Volleyball Super League A competition (in Portuguese, Superliga A de Voleibol do Brasil). PAH estimation was calculated using the Kamis-Roche method. Statistical modeling was based on the Z-Celafiscs Strategy. 4.3% of boys and 2.2% of girls were found to have a potential adult height compatible with the average height of high-level volleyball athletes (≥1.90m for boys; ≥1.78m for girls), ranging according to each player game position. In conclusion, the expected adult height can be useful to identify potential talents for volleyball in a school scenario, by early identifying players who will have taller stature in adulthood.

Analysis of different training load monitoring methods in youth women handball players

This study examined the association between different methods for training load (TL) monitoring during youth handball training. Distance covered, heart rate and session rating of perceived exertion [SRPE] were recorded during 12 training sessions in 14 youth women handball athletes (16.9±1.1 years). Internal load models based on SRPE and Edwards’ Trimp were calculated. An oscillatory feature was observed for the three methods of TL assessment (SRPE: 383±159 A.U., Edwards’ Trimp: 252±71 A.U., total distance: 3997±1291 m). A large correlation was found between Edwards’ Trimp and distance covered (r=0.59). A moderate correlation was observed for Edwards’ Trimp vs. SRPE (r=0.36), and between SRPE vs. distance covered (r=0.49). Shared variances of 13–35% were observed between TL methods comparisons. The results suggest that different constructs seem to be measured by each load model. Additionally, SRPE is a simple and low-cost method that might be used for TL monitoring in handball. (AU)

Efeito da distribuição da carga interna de treinamento no desempenho de salto vertical em uma pré-temporada de jogadores de voleibol de elite / Effect of the distribution of the internal load of training in vertical jump performance in a preseason of elite volleyball players

O objetivo deste estudo foi examinar os efeitos da distribuição da carga interna de treinamento no desempenho de salto vertical durante a pré-temporada em jogadores de voleibol. A amostra foi composta por 11 jogadores de voleibol da Superliga Masculina de Voleibol (26,4±5,7 anos; 96,6±9,0 kg; 197,6±7,8 cm; 8,1±2,8% de gordura). A pré-temporada foi composta por 11 semanas de treinamento, dividida em três etapas: Etapa 1, com duração de 6 semanas; Etapa 2, com duração de 3 semanas; Etapa 3, com duração de 2 semanas. A carga interna de treinamento foi avaliada em todas sessões de treinamento através da percepção subjetiva de esforço da sessão, as percepções subjetivas de fadiga foram avaliadas ao final de cada semana, por meio da escala de bem-estar e o salto vertical com contra movimento foi avaliado ao final de cada etapa. Os resultados mostraram maiores valores de carga interna de treinamento em Etapa 1 em comparação a Etapa 2 (p = 0,02) e Etapa 3 (p = 0,01), alterações no estado de bem-estar dos atletas durante as três etapas analisadas, considerando os indicadores fadiga (F = 13,1; p < 0,001), estresse (F = 23,8; p < 0,001), humor (F = 16,7; p < 0,001) e bem-estar total (F = 11,2; p < 0,001) e também alterações significativas no salto vertical com contra movimento nos diferentes momentos de avaliação (F = 7,2; p < 0,01). Conclui-se que a distribuição de carga interna de treinamento, juntamente com as capacidades físicas trabalhadas, contribui para que ocorresse melhoria do desempenho no salto vertical com contra movimento e também redução da percepção de fadiga ao final da pré-temporada. (AU)

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of internal training load distribution on vertical jump performance during preseason in volleyball players. The sample consisted of 11 volleyball players from a Men's Volleyball Superliga (26.4 ± 5.7 years, 96.6 ± 9.0 kg, 197.6 ± 7.8 cm, 8.1 ± 2.8% of fat). The pre-season consisted of 11 weeks of training, divided into three stages: Stage 1, lasting 6 weeks; Stage 2, lasting 3 weeks; Stage 3, lasting 2 weeks. The internal training load was evaluated in all training sessions through the session of rating perception of exertion, the subjective perceptions of fatigue were evaluated at the end of each week, through the well-being scale and the vertical jump with counter movement was evaluated at the end of each stage. The results showed higher internal training load values in Stage 1 compared to Stage 2 (p = 0.02) and Stage 3 (p = 0.01), changes in the athletes' state of well-being during the three stages analyzed, considering the fatigue indicators (F = 13.1; p < 0.001), stress (F = 23.8; p < 0.001), mood (F = 16.7; p < 0.001) and total well-being (F = 11.2; p < 0.001) and also significant changes in vertical jump with counter movement at different moments of assessment (F = 7.2; p < 0.01). It is concluded that the distribution of internal training load contributes to an improvement in performance in the vertical jump with counter movement and also a reduction in the perception of fatigue at the end of the pre-season. (AU)

Training-Load Management in Rhythmic Gymnastics: Practices and Perceptions of Coaches, Medical Staff, and Gymnasts.

PURPOSE: This study described and analyzed practices and perceptions of rhythmic gymnastics coaches, medical staff, and athletes on training-load management. METHODS: Online surveys were distributed among professionals and gymnasts involved in rhythmic gymnastics training across the world. One hundred (50 coaches, 12 medical staff, and 38 gymnasts) participants from 25 different countries completed the surveys. RESULTS: Respondents stated using coaches' perception on a daily basis as a method of monitoring external (57%) and internal (58%) load, recovery/fatigue (52%), and performance (64%). Variables and methods (eg, wearable devices, athlete self-reported measures, session rating of perceived exertion), and metrics (eg, acute and chronic load) commonly reported in the training-load literature and other sports were not frequently used in rhythmic gymnastics. The majority of coaches (60.3% [17%]) perceived that maladaptation rarely or never occurred. Medical staff involvement in sharing and discussing training-load information was limited, and they perceived that the measurement of athletes' recovery/fatigue was poor. Gymnasts noted good quality in relation to the measurement of performance. Most participants (≥85%) believed that a specific training-load management model for rhythmic gymnastics could be very or extremely effective. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, rhythmic gymnastics coaches' perception is the most commonly used strategy to monitor load, recovery/fatigue, and performance; although, this could be a limited method to guarantee effective training-load management in this sport.

Is skin temperature associated with muscle recovery status following a single bout of leg press?

Objective. The measurement of skin temperature using infrared thermography has gained a lot of attention in sport and science since it might be related to the recovery process following high intensity, potentially damaging exercise. This study investigated the time course of the skin temperature response and the muscle recovery status following a resistance training session involving leg press exercise.Approach. Fourteen young male college students (19.9 ± 1.7 years, 176 ± 6 cm, 66.1 ± 7.6 kg, 21.1 ± 1.8 kg.m-2) performed one session involving 10 sets, of 10 repetition maximum each (RM), of unilateral leg press 45° exercise, performed to momentary muscle failure, with 2 min rest between sets. Perceived recovery, mean and maximum thigh skin temperatures, thigh muscle thickness, maximal isometric strength, muscle soreness, and horizontal jump performance were measured pre, 24, 48, and 72 h following exercise.Main results. The exercise protocol resulted in significant reduction in isometric strength, horizontal jump performance, and perceived recovery (p < 0.05). There was also a significant (p < 0.05) increase in muscle thickness and muscle soreness. With exception of jump performance, that recovered at 48 (p > 0.05), recovery parameters did not recover up to 72 h post-exercise (p > 0.05). Surprisingly, skin temperatures were not altered throughout the entire 72 h post-exercise period (p > 0.05). No significant positive correlation was found between skin temperatures and muscle thickness. Additionally, only one out of 16 correlation coefficients showed significant (r = -0.56,p = 0.036) inverse association between skin temperature and isometric strength.Significance. In conclusion, thigh skin temperature remains unaffected up to 72 h following a leg press exercise, and the time course response of thigh skin temperature was not associated with recovery status.

Training Load and Recovery in Volleyball During a Competitive Season.

ABSTRACT: Andrade, DM, Fernandes, G, Miranda, R, Reis Coimbra, D, and Bara Filho, MG. Training load and recovery in volleyball during a competitive season. J Strength Cond Res 35(4): 1082-1088, 2021-The objective of this study was to analyze the training load (TL) and recovery status (RS) of a volleyball team in different periods of the season. Fifteen male athletes participated in the study. Training load was quantified through the rate of perceived exertion of session. The total weekly TL of the preparatory period (PP), competitive period I (CPI), and competitive period II (CPII) was calculated. Total quality recovery was used to evaluate the initial and final RS. Training load was higher (p < 0.05) in PP than in CPI and CPII. The final RS was lower (p < 0.05) in PP than in CPI and CPII. There was a difference (p < 0.05) between the initial and final RS in the analyzed periods. An inverse correlation (ρ: -0.62) was observed between the TL and the initial and final difference RS in PP. In conclusion, PP in volleyball presented the highest TL, related to a greater difference between the initial and final RS.

Influence of Workload and Recovery on Injuries in Elite Male Volleyball Players.

ABSTRACT: Timoteo, TF, Debien, PB, Miloski, B, Werneck, FZ, Gabbett, T, and Filho, MGb. Influence of workload and recovery on injuries in elite male volleyball players. J Strength Cond Res 35(3): 791-796, 2021-The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of workload and recovery on injury rates in elite male volleyball players. Data were collected from 14 male professional volleyball players over a 27-week season. Workloads were monitored daily using the session rating of perceived exertion, and recovery status was appraised using the Total Quality Recovery (TQR) scale. The players were exposed to 4,573.31 hours (h) of training and games with an overall injury incidence of 13.99 per 1,000 hours. Overuse accounted for 83% (11.58 injuries/1,000 hours) and trauma accounted for 17% (2.40 injuries per 1,000 hours) of all injuries. There was a higher incidence of injuries (p = 0.003), higher weekly workload (p = 0.008), and acute:chronic workload ratio (ACWR) (p < 0.001) in the pre-season compared with the competitive period. Healthy players had lower ACWR (p = 0.002) compared with the injured players. The TQR was higher for the healthy group compared with the injured group (p < 0.001). The greater odds of injury was related to higher ACWR (risk factor) (p = 0.014) and lower TQR values (p = 0.004) (protection factor). Athlete's workloads and the state of recovery may be related to injuries in volleyball. The results presented in this study emphasize the importance of controlling these variables in professional volleyball teams to prevent injuries.

Training load impact on recovery status in professional volleyball athletes / Impacto da carga de treinamento no estado de recuperação em atletas profissionais de voleibol / Impacto de la carga de entrenamiento en el estado de recuperación de atletas profesionales de vóleibol

ABSTRACT Introduction: The success of training depends on the balance between training load magnitude and recovery. Objective: Verify the effect of training load distribution on recovery status, vigor and fatigue in volleyball players during a season. Methods: Nine male athletes from a professional volleyball team participated in the study. During 19 weeks of the season, quantification of the training load was performed through the session rating of perceived exertion (RPE) method, evaluation of the athletes' recovery status through the Total Quality Recovery (TQR) scale, and evaluation of the profile of mood state through the POMS questionnaire, with research focus for the subscales vigor and fatigue. Results: The average total weekly training load (TWTL) was 3206 ± 685.5 A. Us and the average recovery of the whole season was 15.3 ± 0.57. The mean values of fatigue and vigor were 11 ± 3.05 and 19.4 ± 2.84, respectively. Significant differences were found for the variables RPE, fatigue and Energy Index (Vigor - Fatigue) in the three different periods of the season (Preparatory Period, Competitive Period I and Competitive Period II). Conclusion: It was concluded that the training load and recovery monitoring methods used throughout the season were effective in controlling the variables, with a positive impact of training loads verified on the recovery values presented by the athletes. Level of Evidence III; Diagnostic study.

RESUMO Introdução: O sucesso do treinamento depende do equilíbrio entre a magnitude da carga de treinamento e a recuperação. Objetivo: Verificar o efeito da distribuição das cargas de treinamento no estado de recuperação, vigor e fadiga, em jogadores de voleibol ao longo de uma temporada. Métodos: Participaram do estudo nove atletas do sexo masculino de uma equipe profissional de voleibol. Durante 19 semanas da temporada, realizou-se a quantificação da carga de treinamento através do método da Percepção Subjetiva do Esforço da sessão (PSE), da avaliação do estado de recuperação dos atletas através da escala da Qualidade Total de Recuperação (TQR), além da avaliação do perfil do estado de humor através do questionário POMS, com foco de investigação para as subescalas vigor e fadiga. Resultados: A carga de treinamento semanal total (CTST) média foi de 3206 ± 685,5 U.A. e a recuperação média de toda a temporada foi de 15,3 ± 0,57. Já os valores médios da fadiga e vigor foram 11 ± 3,05 e 19,4 ± 2,84, respectivamente. Diferenças significativas foram encontradas para as variáveis PSE, fadiga e Energy Index (Vigor - Fadiga) nos três diferentes períodos da temporada (Período Preparatório, Período Competitivo I e Período Competitivo II). Conclusão: Conclui-se que os métodos de monitoramento da carga de treinamento e recuperação utilizados ao longo da temporada foram eficazes no controle das variáveis, observando-se um impacto positivo das cargas de treinamento verificado nos valores de recuperação apresentados pelos atletas. Nível de evidência III; Estudo Diagnóstico.

RESUMEN Introducción: El éxito del entrenamiento depende del equilibrio entre la magnitud de la carga de entrenamiento y la recuperación. Objetivo: Verificar el efecto de la distribución de las cargas de entrenamiento en el estado de recuperación, vigor y fatiga, en jugadores de vóleibol a lo largo de una temporada. Métodos: Participaron en el estudio nueve atletas del sexo masculino de un equipo profesional de vóleibol. Durante 19 semanas de la temporada, se realizó la cuantificación de la carga de entrenamiento a través del método de Percepción Subjetiva del Esfuerzo de Sesión (PSE), de la evaluación del estado de recuperación de los atletas a través de la escala de la Calidad Total de Recuperación (TQR), además de la evaluación del perfil del estado de humor a través del cuestionario POMS, con enfoque de investigación para las subescalas vigor y fatiga. Resultados: La carga de entrenamiento semanal total (CEST) promedio fue de 3206 ± 685,5 U.A. y la recuperación promedio de toda la temporada fue de 15,3 ± 0,57. Los valores promedio de fatiga y vigor fueron 11 ± 3,05 y 19,4 ± 2,84, respectivamente. Se encontraron diferencias significativas para las variables PSE, fatiga y Energy Index (Vigor - Fatiga) en los tres diferentes períodos de la temporada (Período Preparatorio, Período Competitivo I y Período Competitivo II). Conclusión: Se concluye que los métodos de monitorización de la carga de entrenamiento y recuperación utilizados a lo largo de la temporada fueron eficaces en el control de las variables, observándose un impacto positivo de las cargas de entrenamiento verificado en los valores de recuperación presentados por los atletas. Nivel de evidencia III; Estudio diagnóstico.

Comparação da carga de treinamento de atletas profissionais entre modos de treinos especificos do voleibol e de força / Comparison of the training load of professional athletes between modes of volleyball specific drills and strength conditioning

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a carga de treinamento em três tipos de treinamentos de uma equipe de voleibol profissional.. Participaram do estudo 28 jogadores (26,6 ± 4,7 anos; 91,5 ± 8,5 Kg; 194,1 ± 6,0 cm). Foi realizada uma análise descritiva de 29 sessões de treino técnico, 84 tecnico-tático e 75 de musculação e isoladamente das variáveis que compõem a carga de treinamento, PSE e o tempo de duração da sessão, posteriormente sendo reunidos em média e desvio padrão de acordo com tipo de treino. Para análise dos dados foi adotado o teste de Shapiro-Wilk e em seguida aplicou-se o teste Anova Two-Way com o Post Hoc de Tamhane e também foi utilizado o tamanho do efeito para análise das comparações. Os resultados demonstraram respostas significativas e grande tamanho de efeitos quando comparados técnico e técnico-tático com a musculação na carga interna de treinamento TxM (TE=1,2: grande; p= 0,002); TTxM (TE=1,3: grande; p= 0,001) e no tempo de duração da sessão TxM (TE=1,7: grande; p= 0,001); TTxM (TE=2,0: grande; p= 0,001), já a PSE da sessão apresentou apenas uma diferença sigifcativa TTxM (TE= 0,8: moderado; p= 0,001). Os estímulos de treinamentos específicos de quadra como técnico e técnico-tático promoveram maior carga interna nos atletas do que o treino de força, através principalmente pela influencia da variável tempo de duração da sessão que refletiu a carga externa.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to compare the training load in three types of training of a professional volleyball team. Participants were 28 players (26.6 ± 4.7 years, 91.5 ± 8.5 kg; 194.1 ± 6.0 cm). A descriptive analysis of 29 technical training sessions, 84 technical-tactical training sessions and 75 training sessions, and of the variables that compose the training load, PSE and the duration of the session were performed, and were then collected on average and standard deviation according to with type of training. To analyze the data, the Shapiro-Wilk test was adopted, and then the Anova Two-Way test was applied with Tamhane's Post Hoc and the effect size was also used for analysis of the comparisons. The results demonstrated significant responses and a large effect size when compared to technical and tactical-to- strength training (T = 1.2: large; p = 0.002); TTxM (TE = 1.3: large, p = 0.001) and the duration of the session / external load in the TxM training (TE = 1.7: large; p = 0.001); TTxM (TE = 2.0: large, p = 0.001), whereas the PSE of the session showed only a sigifcant difference TTxM (TE = 0.8: moderate; p = 0.001). The stimuli of specific training of court as technician and technician-tactician promoted greater internal load in the athletes than the strength training, mainly through the influence of the variable time of the session that reflected to external load.

Technical and Tactical Training Load in Professional Volleyball Players.

PURPOSE: To analyze the technical and tactical training load in professional volleyball players, using subjective internal training load (session rating of perceived exertion  [SRPE]) and objective internal training load (training impulse of the heart rate [HR]) and the relationship between them. METHODS: The sample was composed of 15 male professional volleyball players. They were monitored during 37 training sessions that included both technical (n = 23) and tactical (n = 14) training. Technical and training load was calculated using SRPE and training impulse of the HR. RESULTS: Significant correlations were found between the methods in tactical (r = .616) and technical training (r = -.414). Furthermore, it was noted that technical training occurs up to 80% of HRmax (zone 3) and tactical training between 70% and 90% of HRmax (zones 3-4). CONCLUSIONS: The training impulse of the HR method has proved to be effective for training-load control during tactical training. However, it was limited compared with technical training. Thus, the use of SRPE is presented as a more reliable method in the different types of technical training in volleyball.

Effect of Cold Water Immersion Performed on Successive Days on Physical Performance, Muscle Damage, and Inflammatory, Hormonal, and Oxidative Stress Markers in Volleyball Players.

de Freitas, VH, Ramos, SP, Bara-Filho, MG, Freitas, DGS, Coimbra, DR, Cecchini, R, Guarnier, FA, and Nakamura, FY. Effect of cold water immersion performed on successive days on physical performance, muscle damage, and inflammatory, hormonal, and oxidative stress markers in volleyball players. J Strength Cond Res 33(2): 502-513, 2019-The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of daily cold water immersion (CWI) on physical performance, muscle damage, and inflammatory, hormonal, and oxidative stress markers in volleyball. Six players were submitted to CWI and six players to a placebo, during 5 training days. Thigh circumference, squat jump, and agility were measured on the first, third, and sixth days. On the first and sixth days, blood and saliva were collected for analysis of oxidative stress, muscle damage, and inflammatory and hormonal levels. Muscle soreness and countermovement jump were quantified daily. The physical performance comparisons did not present differences and the only between group comparison with a large effect size (ES = -1.39) was in Δ% between day 1 and day 2 for countermovement jump. Delayed onset muscle soreness and creatine kinase increased in both groups and the ESs of between group comparisons of Δ% between moments were not more than moderate. Thigh circumference increased only in the placebo group (p = 0.04) and the ES of the between group comparisons of Δ% between moments was large (1.53). No differences were found in oxidative stress, or inflammatory markers. Cortisol decreased only in the CWI-group (p ≤ 0.05) and the ESs of the between group comparisons of Δ% between moments of the testosterone to cortisol ratio (-1.94) and insulin-like growth-1 (-1.34) were large. Despite the positive effects of daily CWI on muscle edema and hormonal status, the limited effects of CWI on performance, muscle damage, inflammation markers, and reactive oxygen species mediators signal the unimportance of the daily practice of this recovery method in volleyball players.

Training Load, Physical Performance, Biochemical Markers, and Psychological Stress During a Short Preparatory Period in Brazilian Elite Male Volleyball Players.

Horta, TAG, Bara Filho, MG, Coimbra, DR, Miranda, R, and Werneck, FZ. Training load, physical performance, biochemical markers, and psychological stress during a short preparatory period in Brazilian elite male volleyball players. J Strength Cond Res 33(12): 3392-3399, 2019-The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between training load (TL) and physical performance, biochemical markers, and psychological stress during a short preparatory period (SPP) in Brazilian elite male volleyball players. Twelve volleyball players from a team competing in the Brazilian Men's Volleyball Super League were enrolled (26.9 ± 4.6 years). Countermovement jump (CMJ), creatine kinase (CK), testosterone (T), cortisol (Cr), T/Cr ratio, and Recovery and Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) were collected at baseline, after second, fourth, and sixth week. Training load was quantified daily using the rating of perceived exertion. Differences were noted between total weekly training load (TWTL) (F3,33 = 50.907; p = 0.0001), CK (F3,33 = 16.157; p = 0.0001), and T (F3,33 = 3.283; p = 0.03). No differences were seen in CMJ (F3,33 = 1.821; p = 0.16), Cr (F3,33 = 2.409; p = 0.08), or T/Cr ratio (F3,33 = 1.527; p = 0.23). The RESTQ-Sport demonstrated differences between moments in social stress (F3,33 = 2.297; p = 0.04; η = 0.25), success (F3,33 = 4.350; p = 0.01; η = 0.19), general well-being (F3,33 = 4.465; p = 0.01; η = 0.36), and injury (F3,33 = 2.792; p = 0.05; η = 0.62). The results showed a significant correlations of small to moderate magnitude between TWTL and CK (r = 0.32; p = 0.05). In conclusion, a short PP in volleyball leads to increased TL, CK level, and psychological stress. Training load was related with the increase of CK, suggesting muscle damage without increased physical performance.

Differences between training and game loads in young basketball players / Diferenças entre as cargas de treino e jogo em jovens basquetebolistas

Abstract The same training stimulus can provide different physiological adaptations for athletes of the same team.The aim of this study was to compare training and game loads in young male basketball players. Data were obtained from 4 training sessions and one game session usingPolar Team Pro equipment. Physiological data (HR) were used to monitor internal responses through Edwards'TRIMP,and data on distance traveled by the player on the court (External Training Load).To observe differences between eTRIMP,HR max and distance traveled,the T-Test was used for paired samples. The mean internal training load, according to Edwards'TRIMP, for the four training sessions was 132 ± 69. Mean HR max and distance traveled values were 143 ± 67 and 2.273 ± 1170, respectively. Regarding game load, Edwards'TRIMP,maximum HR and distance traveled were 108 ± 33, 199 ± 4 and 2.240 ± 617, respectively. No statistically significant differences were found between the mean values of training sessions compared to the game session in relation to the Edwards' TRIMP measures and distance traveled, but HR max was significantly higher during the game compared to training. It was concluded that the loads applied during training are similar to those applied in the game.

Resumo O mesmo estímulo de treinamento pode proporcionar diferentes adaptações fisiológicas para os atletas de uma mesma equipe. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar as cargas de treino e jogo em jovens jogadores de basquetebol do sexo masculino. Os dados foram obtidos de 4 sessões de treinamento e uma sessão de jogo a partir do equipamento Polar Team Pro, sendo mensurados dados fisiológicos(FC), que foram utilizados para monitorar a CIT através do TRIMP de Edwards, e dados sobre a distância percorrida do jogador em quadra (CET). Para observar as diferenças entre o TRIMP, FC máx e distância percorria, foi utilizado o Teste T para amostras pareadas. A média das CIT, de acordo com o TRIMP de Edwards, para as 4 sessões de treinamento foi 132 ± 69. Já a média da FC máxima e da distância percorrida foram 143 ± 67 e 2.273 ± 1170, respectivamente. Em relação a carga de jogo, o TRIMP de Edwards, a FC máxima e a distância percorrida foram de 108 ± 33, 199 ± 4 e 2.240 ± 617, respectivamente. Não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre a média das sessões de treino em comparação com a sessão do jogo em relação as medidas de TRIMP de Edwards e distância percorrida, porém a FC máxima foi significativamente maior durante a partida em comparação com o treinamento. Conclui-se que, a aplicação das cargas da equipe investigada durante os treinamentos é semelhante àquelas encontradas no jogo.

Monitoring Training Load, Recovery, and Performance of Brazilian Professional Volleyball Players During a Season.

PURPOSE: To describe and analyze the distribution of internal training load (ITL), recovery, and physical performance of professional volleyball players throughout 1 season. METHODS: Fifteen male professional Brazilian volleyball players participated in this study. The session rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE) and Total Quality Recovery (TQR) score were collected daily for 36 wk. s-RPE was collected after each training session, and TQR, before the first session of the day. The sum of the ITL of each session during the week, training monotony, strain, acute∶chronic workload ratio, match difficulty score, and average of the TQR scores were recorded for the analysis. In addition, the athletes performed countermovement-jump (CMJ) tests with and without the use of the arms 4 times over the season. RESULTS: The season mean weekly ITL was 3733 (1228) AU and the TQR was 15.02 (0.71). The ITL and recovery demonstrated undulating dynamics over the 36 wk, with higher weekly ITL in the preparatory periods (F = 50.32; P < .001) and worse recovery during the main competition (F = 6.47; P = .004). Negative correlations were found between TQR and ITL variables (P < .05). There was improvement and maintenance in CMJ tests without (F = 11.88; P < .001) and with (F = 16.02; P < .001) the use of the arms after the preparatory periods. CONCLUSIONS: The ITL variables, recovery, and physical performance changed significantly throughout a professional volleyball season. Despite the decrease in ITL during the main competitive period, the correct distribution of weekly ITL seems to be very important to guarantee the best recovery of athletes.

Brazilian version (acsi-28br) of athletic coping skills inventory-28 / Versão brasileira (acsi-28br) do athletic coping skills inventory-28 / Versión brasileña (acsi-28br) del athletic coping skills inventory-28

ABSTRACT Introduction: Coping is defined as a process based on motor, behavioral, and cognitive effort to deal with the psychophysical demands that exceed an individual's capacity. One of the instruments used most often for evaluating coping skills is the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28 (ACSI-28). Objective: This study aimed to validate the Brazilian version of the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28 (ACSI-28). The ACSI-28 is a multidimensional inventory developed to evaluate the different methods used by athletes to cope with sports pressure. Methods: The sample comprised 667 Brazilian athletes: male (n = 467; 70%); female (n = 200; 30%) with mean age 25 ± 5 years and eight (± 5) years of experience in individual sports (n = 182; 27.3%) or team sports (n = 485; 72.7%). Results: For construct validity, the relational structure of the items that comprise the original version of ACSI-28 was analyzed using EFA. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure (KMO = .83) and the Bartlett sphericity test (p <.0001) indicated adequate adjustment of the data to the factorial analyses. The reliability of the instrument was assessed by measuring internal consistency and by the stability of the measurement (test-retest). Conclusion: The Brazilian version of Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28 was preliminarily considered valid. Level of Evidence III; Retrospective comparative study.

RESUMO Introdução: Coping é definido como um processo baseado no esforço motor, comportamental e cognitivo para lidar com as demandas psicofísicas que excedem a capacidade de um indivíduo. Um dos instrumentos mais utilizados para avaliar as habilidades de coping é o Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28 (ACSI-28). Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo validar a versão brasileira do Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28 (ACSI-28). O ACSI-28 é um inventário multidimensional desenvolvido para avaliar os diferentes métodos utilizados pelos atletas para lidar com as pressões do esporte. Métodos: A amostra incluiu 667 atletas brasileiros: sexo masculino (n = 467; 70%); sexo feminino (n = 200; 30%) com média de idade de 25 ± 5 anos e oito anos (±5) de experiência em esportes individuais (n = 182; 27,3%) ou coletivos (n = 485; 72,7%). Resultados: Para a validade da construção, a estrutura relacional dos itens que compõem a versão original do ACSI-28 foi analisada usando o EFA. A medida Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO = 0,83) e o teste de esfericidade de Bartlett (p < 0,0001) indicaram ajuste adequado dos dados das análises fatoriais. A confiabilidade do instrumento foi avaliada medindo-se a consistência interna e pela estabilidade da medida (teste-reteste). Conclusões: A versão brasileira do Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28 foi preliminarmente considerada válida. Nível de Evidência III; Estudo retrospectivo comparativo.

RESUMEN Introducción: Coping se define como un proceso basado en el esfuerzo motor, comportamental y cognitivo para hacer frente a las demandas psicofísicas que superan la capacidad de un individuo. Uno de los instrumentos más utilizados para evaluar las habilidades de coping es el Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28 (ACSI-28). Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo validar la versión brasileña del Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28 (ACSI-28). El ACSI-28 es un inventario multidimensional desarrollado para evaluar los diferentes métodos utilizados por los atletas para lidiar con las presiones del deporte. Métodos: La muestra incluyó 667 atletas brasileños: sexo masculino (n = 467; 70%); sexo femenino (n = 200; 30%) con edad promedio de 25 ± 5 años y ocho (± 5) años de experiencia en deportes individuales (n = 182; 27,3%) o en equipo (n = 485; 72,7%). Resultados: Para la validez de la construcción, la estructura relacional de los elementos que componen la versión original del ACSI-28 fue analizada usando el EFA. La medida Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO = 0,83) y la prueba de esfericidad de Bartlett (p < 0,0001) indicaron un ajuste adecuado de los datos a los análisis factoriales. La confiabilidad del instrumento fue evaluada midiendo la consistencia interna y la estabilidad de la medida (prueba-reprueba). Conclusiones: La versión brasileña del Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28 fue preliminarmente considerada válida. Nivel de Evidencia III; Estudio retrospectivo comparativo.

Match internal load in youth elite soccer players is period, playing position and intermittent running capacity dependent

The aims of this study were: i) to verify whether player internal load (PIL) monitored via heart rate (HR) varies with game-time and playing position; ii) whether intermittent running capacity (IRC) is related to the maintenance of within-match PIL in elite youth (U-15) soccer players. Method: Twenty-one elite soccer players (14±0.5 yrs, 172±7 cm, 63±6 kg) had their heart rate monitored (beats/min) in five matches and were tested twice for IRC (Yo-YoIR2, distance [m]) over a seven-week competitive season. Percentage of maximal heart rate (%HRmax) and time spent (TS%) in five zones (Z1[<70%]; Z2[71-85%]; Z3[86-90%]; Z4[91-95%] and Z5[>96%]) were our PIL indexes. Data from three complete games in the same position of each player were analyzed and matches halves, time intervals (T1 to T6), and playing positions (fullbacks, central defenders and forwards [N=5 each], midfielders [N=6]) were compared, and the relationship between IRC and within-match PIL was determined. Results: PIL was higher in 1st (86±3%) than in the 2nd half (84±4%; p<.001). The 2nd half had more TS% in Z1 and Z2 (p<.05). PIL in T4 was the lowest (p<.01), and in T6, it was lower than T1 and T2 (p<.01). Fullbacks and midfielders showed higher PIL and higher TS% in Z4 (p<.05) than the other positional roles. The average IRC correlated with PIL in T6 (r=.56, p<.01) only. Conclusion: In conclusion, the internal load in elite youth (U-15) soccer players varies with game-time and playing position; and their IRC is related to the maintenance of within-match PIL.(AU)

Influência dos saltos verticais na percepção da carga interna de treinamento no voleibol / Influence of vertical jump in the perception of the internal volleyball training load / Influencia de los saltos verticales en la percepción de la carga interna de entrenamiento en el voleibol

RESUMO Introdução: No voleibol, o salto vertical é considerado um elemento de extrema importância no treinamento, pois é necessário durante as ações de levantamento, saque, bloqueio e ataque, condicionando a obtenção de importantes vantagens nas ações ofensivas (ataque) e defensivas (bloqueio), elementos fundamentais para a conquista dos pontos no jogo. Objetivo: Analisar a influência do salto vertical na quantificação da carga de treinamento no voleibol por meio do método da percepção subjetiva do esforço (PSE) da sessão. Métodos: Participaram do estudo 15 atletas do sexo masculino de uma equipe de voleibol. Foi realizada a quantificação dos saltos e da PSE de 30 sessões de treinamento. Resultados: Na análise por posição, a PSE apresentou correlação positiva com o número de saltos e se mostrou mais forte nos opostos (r = 0,44; p = 0,001; n = 57), seguida pelos ponteiros (r = 0,34; p < 0,001; n = 109) e centrais (r = 0,18; p = 0,03; n = 141). Conclusão: Conclui-se que o salto vertical de ataque exerce maior influência no valor final de PSE apontado pelos atletas nas sessões de treinamento.

ABSTRACT Introduction: In volleyball, vertical jump is considered an extremely important element in training, since it is necessary during setting, serve, block, and attack, determining the achievement of important advantages in offensive (attack) and defensive (block) actions, fundamental elements for the achievement of points in the game. Objective: To analyze the influence of the vertical jump in the quantification of training load in volleyball through the method of the subjective perceived exertion (RPE) of the session. Methods: Fifteen male athletes from a volleyball team participated in the study. The quantification of jumps and RPE of 30 training sessions was performed. Results: In the analysis by position, the RPE was positively correlated with the number of jumps and was stronger in the opposites (r = 0.44; p = 0.001; n = 57), followed by the setters (r = 0,34; p < 0,001; n = 109) and middles (r = 0.18; p = 0.03; n = 141). Conclusion: It is concluded that the attack vertical jump has greater influence on the final value of RPE pointed out by the athletes in training sessions.

RESUMEN Introducción: En el voleibol, el salto vertical es considerado un elemento de extrema importancia en el entrenamiento, pues es necesario durante levantamiento, saque, bloqueo y ataque, condicionando la obtención de importantes ventajas en las acciones ofensivas (ataque) y defensivas (bloqueo), elementos fundamentales para la conquista de los puntos en el juego. Objetivo: Analizar la influencia del salto vertical en la cuantificación de la carga de entrenamiento en el voleibol por el método de percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo (PSE) de las sesiones. Métodos: Participaron del estudio 15 atletas masculinos del sexo masculino de un equipo de voleibol. Se realizó la cuantificación de los saltos y de la PSE de 30 sesiones de entrenamiento. Resultados: En el análisis por posición, la PSE se correlacionó positivamente con el número de saltos y se mostró más fuerte en los opuestos (r = 0,44; p = 0,001; n = 57), seguida de los punteros (r = 0,34; p < 0,001; n = 109) y centrales (r = 0,18; p = 0,03, n = 141). Conclusión: Se concluye que el salto vertical de ataque ejerce una mayor influencia en el valor final de PSE señalado por los atletas en las sesiones de entrenamiento.