High-Resolution Imaging in Macular Telangiectasia Type 2: Case Series and Literature Review.

BACKGROUND: Macular telangiectasia (MacTel), also known as idiopathic juxtafoveolar telangiectasis (IJFTs), involves telangiectatic changes in the macular capillary network. The most common variant, MacTel type 2, has distinct clinical features and management strategies. METHODS: This study offers a comprehensive review of MacTel and focuses on a series of three patients diagnosed with MacTel type 2 in our clinic. A meticulous ophthalmological evaluation, augmented by high-resolution imaging techniques like optical coherence tomography (OCT), OCT angiography (OCT-A), fundus autofluorescence (FAF), fluorescein angiography (FA), and adaptive optics (AOs) imaging, was conducted. RESULTS: The findings revealed normal anterior segment features and a grayish discoloration in the temporal perifoveal area on fundus examination. OCT exhibited hyporeflective cavities in the inner and outer neurosensory retina, along with other changes, while OCT-A identified retinal telangiectatic vessels in the deep capillary plexus. FAF demonstrated increased foveal autofluorescence, while FA initially detected telangiectatic capillaries followed by diffuse perilesional leakage in the later phase. Adaptive optics images showed the cone mosaic pattern. Notably, one patient developed a macular hole as a complication, which was successfully managed surgically. CONCLUSION: This study underscores the challenges in diagnosing and managing MacTel, emphasizing the importance of a multidisciplinary approach and regular follow-ups for optimal outcomes.

Management of oculo-orbital complications of odontogenic sinusitis in adults.

Introduction: Odontogenic maxillary sinusitis (OMS) is an infectious inflammatory pathology caused by a dental condition. Considering the anatomical relations with the orbit, maxillary sinus infection can easily spread, evolving into severe oculo-orbital complications that can sometimes be life-threatening. Material and methods: We performed a retrospective study of over 2 years, examining the data of 18 patients diagnosed with OMS with oculo-orbital complications. The patients were evaluated regarding their dental history, symptoms, clinical and endoscopic findings, ophthalmologic evaluation, bacteriologic tests, computed tomography (CT) imaging, medical and surgical treatment, and outcomes. Results: The age of the patients was between 24 and 65 years old with an almost equal gender distribution: 10 female and 8 male patients. From the total, 7 patients had type II diabetes, 2 of whom were insulin-dependent, 1 patient had thrombophilia and 2 patients had renal failure with peritoneal dialysis. Regarding the type of oculo-orbital complications, 10 patients were diagnosed with preseptal cellulitis and 8 with orbital cellulitis. Just 5 patients with orbital cellulitis required surgical treatment and orbitotomy was performed, followed by endonasal endoscopic drainage. The evolution after surgical treatment was favorable for all operated patients. Discussions: Oculo-orbital complications of OMS are typically more severe than those of rhinogenic sinusitis because anaerobic bacteria are involved. Immunosuppression represents a favorable environment for the development of OMS and its complications, diabetes being the most common risk factor. A negative prognostic feature is the appearance of ophthalmological symptoms in both eyes, so visual function may be reduced. The treatment of oculo-orbital complications of OMS is urgent and depends on a broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy associated or not with surgical intervention. Conclusions: The diagnosis of oculo-orbital complications of OMS is complex and requires clinical experience as well as extensive medical knowledge to treat both the cause and the consequences of the conditions quickly and effectively. The proper management of oculo-orbital complications is based on a multidisciplinary team: ophthalmology, ENT, dentistry, imaging, and laboratory. Abbreviations: OMS = odontogenic maxillary sinusitis, CT = computed tomography, ENT = ear-nose-throat, MRI = magnetic resonance imaging, HNS = head and neck surgery.

Oculo-orbital complications of odontogenic sinusitis.

Introduction: Odontogenic sinusitis is a well-known, but under-studied bacterial infection of the maxillary sinus that can extend to other sinuses, the orbit, or even the endocranium. Material and methods: We performed an observational retrospective study on the patients with odontogenic sinusitis treated in our hospital over a five-year period. We included patients over 18 years old diagnosed with odontogenic sinusitis and ocular complications and we excluded patients with ocular complications nonrelated to dental-originated sinusitis or patients with odontogenic sinusitis without orbital-ocular complications. Results: We examined the charts of 46 patients. From the total number of patients with oculo-orbital complications generated by odontogenic sinusitis, only 7 were women. The mean age was 33,7 with a standard deviation of 15,7 years. The oculo-orbital complications were assessed according to the Chandler classification. The most frequent orbital complication was preseptal cellulitis followed by orbital cellulitis. All the patients were treated with antibiotic covering both anaerobic and aerobic bacteria and 40 of the patients in our study received surgical treatment. The outcomes were favorable for all the patients in our study with clinical resolution. Conclusion: The oculo-orbital complications of odontogenic sinusitis are severe because they can result in vision loss or other ocular sequelae. The bacteriological features of this sinusitis explain the special characteristics of this infection and can facilitate the extent of the infection to the orbit. Prompt intervention with antibiotics covering anaerobic and aerobic bacteria and surgery addressed to the affected sinus/ sinuses, the dental disease and the orbital pathology ensures a big success rate in the therapy of these complications.

The role of Anti-VEGF agents in treatment of neovascular glaucoma.

Aim: The aim of this study was to show the efficacy of intravitreal treatment with Bevacizumab (Avastin) in patients with secondary neovascular glaucoma, in different stages of the disease. Method: A retrospective study was performed on 67 patients with neovascular glaucoma. The main parameters evaluated were the patients' history, slit lamp examination, visual acuity, ocular tonometry, fundus examination, gonioscopy, and visual field. Results: It was observed that the pathology had a preponderance in males of the 6th decade, with frequently unilateral damage. Patients were referred to an ophthalmologist when the diseases reached an advanced stage, usually when the visual acuity had no light perception and the intraocular pressure was over 45 mmHg. However, the treatment with Avastin intravitreal showed a good evolution, with regression of neovessels in the first 4-7 days and maintenance of intraocular pressure within normal limits in about 60% of cases, 3 months after injection. Conclusion: The most effective treatment in secondary neovascular glaucoma is the correct therapy of the main disease. The association of Avastin and laser photocoagulation leads to regression in iris and retinal neovessels. Abbreviations: anti-VEGF = anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, PDGF = Platelet Derived Growth Factor, bFGF = basic Fibroblast Growth Factor.

Choroidal Thickness Increase after Subliminal Transscleral Cyclophotocoagulation.

Background: The purpose of this study is to estimate the success rate of subliminal transscleral cyclophotocoagulation for refractory glaucoma and to determine the correlation between the decrease in intraocular pressure and the variation in choroidal thickness. Methods: A pre−post study was conducted over a period of 3 years, including 81 eyes from 67 patients with different types of drug-refractory glaucoma who underwent subliminal transscleral cyclophotocoagulation. The variables included best-corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure and choroidal thickness. Results: We observed the following success rates (defined as IOP < 21 mmHg): 80% at 1 month (65 patients), 74% at 3 months (60 patients), 64% at 6 months (52 patients) and 50.6% at 1 year (41 patients). A strong correlation was noted between the decrease in intraocular pressure and the increase in the average choroidal thickness at 1 year (318.42 µm) compared to the average preoperative thickness (291.78 µm). A correlation of increased choroidal thickness at 1-month with the success rate of the procedure was also observed. Conclusions: We observed a statistically significant correlation between the success rate, decrease in intraocular pressure and choroidal thickness. The correlation of increased choroidal thickness at 1-month with the success rate of the procedure could be used clinically as a predictive factor for the final outcome of patients. Further experimental research is warranted to determine whether the increase in choroidal thickness after subliminal transscleral cyclophotocoagulation is indeed evidence of increased uveoscleral drainage.

A Warning Call for Fertility Preservation Methods for Women Undergoing Gonadotoxic Cancer Treatment.

Malignant hematological conditions have recognized an increased incidence and require aggressive treatments. Targeted chemotherapy, accompanied or not by radiotherapy, raises the chance of defeating the disease, yet cancer protocols often associate long-term gonadal consequences, for instance, diminished or damaged ovarian reserve. The negative effect is directly proportional to the types, doses, time of administration of chemotherapy, and irradiation. Additionally, follicle damage depends on characteristics of the disease and patient, such as age, concomitant diseases, previous gynecological conditions, and ovarian reserve. Patients should be adequately informed when proceeding to gonadotoxic therapies; hence, fertility preservation should be eventually regarded as a first-intention procedure. This procedure is most beneficial when performed before the onset of cancer treatment, with the recommendation for embryos or oocytes' cryopreservation. If not feasible or acceptable, several options can be available during or after the cancer treatment. Although not approved by medical practice, promising results after in vitro studies increase the chances of future patients to protect their fertility. This review aims to emphasize the mechanism of action and impact of chemotherapy, especially the one proven to be gonadotoxic, upon ovarian reserve and future fertility. Reduced fertility or infertility, as long-term consequences of chemotherapy and, particularly, following bone marrow transplantation, is often associated with a negative impact of recovery, social and personal life, as well as highly decreased quality of life.

Subretinal alteplase injections in massive subretinal hemorrhage due to age-related macular degeneration: A case report series.

This report describes a series of cases with massive subretinal hemorrhage (SRH) due to age-related macular degeneration (AMD) treated by subretinal alteplase injections. In all cases, the surgical technique consisted in 25-gauge pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) and alteplase injection under the retina using a 38-gauge cannula. After the fluid-gas exchange, bevacizumab injection was performed in all patients. Three cases of SRH in which this technique was used, as well as their evolution at one week and one month postoperatively are described. Visual acuity was hand motion in all three cases at presentation. After surgery, a significant anatomical and functional improvement was noted in all cases. One month postoperatively, none of the patients had blood under the macula, and visual acuities significantly improved to 0.8, 0.2 and 0.16 (decimal fraction). A consistent reduction of central retinal thickness was observed on optical coherence tomography (OCT) from the first week postoperatively. No intra and postoperative complications were noted. Subretinal alteplase injection proved as a viable solution in these severe SRH with early presentation. There was no need to change the systemic anticoagulant and antiaggregant therapy. Bevacizumab intravitreal injection at the end of surgery has an important role in preventing further bleeding.

Photoreceptor assessment in focal laser-treated central serous chorioretinopathy using adaptive optics and fundus autofluorescence.

This study analyzed cone density, cone mosaic, and fundus autofluorescence (FAF) images in patients with focal laser-treated central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC).Observational case series.Forty-two eyes of 21 patients with unilateral treated CSC and bilateral best-corrected visual acuity of 1.0 (decimal fraction) were included. FAF and cone mosaic images were obtained in all patients with an adaptive optics fundus camera. Densities were recorded at 20 points throughout the macula, and choroidal thicknesses were measured.Mean choroidal thicknesses were 419.95 ±â€Š110.33 µm in normal eyes, 459.09 ±â€Š90.07 µm in eyes with active CSC, and 438.61 ±â€Š107.57 µm in treated eyes. The highest density of cones in healthy eyes was 38146 cones/mm, with a 5.66-µm intercellular space (IS), at 700 µm temporal to the center. In eyes with treated CSC, the highest density was 32749 cones/mm, with a 6.13-µm IS, at 500 µm nasal to the center. In all quadrants, median values of maximum cone density were significantly higher in healthy eyes (P = .02, P = .003, P = .0001, and P = .001). Three types of lesions were identified on FAF and were correlated with those on cone mosaic images. Strong correlations were detected between the presence of hypoautofluorescent lesions on the first FAF image and a greater difference between maximum values of photoreceptor density (r = 0.46, P = .03), as well as between the presence of hypoautofluorescent lesions and the duration of pathology (r = 0.68, P < .001).The presence of hypoautofluorescent lesions and the duration of pathology were negative prognostic factors in CSC. Laser treatment could prevent photoreceptor loss.

Choroidal thickness increase after micropulse transscleral cyclophotocoagulation.

Glaucoma, the affliction that results in optic nerve damage and vision loss, is the main cause of irreversible blindness. The goal of this study was to describe our experience and OCT findings regarding glaucoma patients who underwent MicroPulse Transscleral Cyclophotocoagulation. A variety of glaucoma patients treated with MP-TSCPC were included in our study. LASER settings were 2000mW of 810nm infrared diode micropulse LASER, 31.3% duty cycle and the duration of treatment was between 80-130 s per hemisphere to each eye, at 3 mm of corneoscleral limbus, spearing the nasal and temporal clock hours and also the region with previous filtration surgeries (trabeculectomy). We conducted a prospective study in which twenty-two patients underwent MP-TSCPC under local anaesthesia and they were examined one week, one month, three months, and six months postoperatively. Mean IOP dropped from 35.23 mmHg preoperatively to 17.73mmHg (49.67%) at 1 week follow-up, to 21.81 mmHg (38.09%) at 1 month follow-up, to 22.34 mmHg at 3 months follow-up and to 23.56 mmHg at 6 months follow-up. Four patients (15.8%) underwent a second treatment (at 1 month after the initial treatment) due to insufficient IOP decrease, two of them with success in lowering the IOP postoperatively. By measuring the foveolar choroidal thickness via macular OCT scan, we noticed that all responsive patients had a thicker choroid one week after the laser treatment, with a steady increase of a mean 7.3% that was sustained at one and three months follow-up, while in non-responsive patients, the choroidal thickness remained the same postoperatively, or had a significant decrease. The increase in choroidal thickness in all patients in whom we observed IOP reduction was a significant correlation that supported the mechanism of increased uveoscleral outflow obtained from LASER treatment.

Ocular surface reconstruction in limbal stem cell deficiency.

The purpose of our review was to familiarize the readers with the new concepts in ocular surface diseases and reconstruction. Limbal stem cell deficiency is characterized by the progressive invasion of conjunctival epithelial cells onto the cornea, superficial vascularisation, destruction of the corneal basement membrane, and chronic inflammatory cell infiltration. Depending on the severity of the disease and the time passed from the primary injury amniotic membrane transplantation, keratolimbal allograft and autograft are the available treatments hoping that, in the nearest future, stem cell transplantation and tissue engineering will become the usual therapeutic choices.

[Changes in intraocular pressure depending on posture]. / VARIATII ALE PRESIUNII INTRAOCULARE ÎN FUNCTIE DE POZITIA CORPULUI.

UNLABELLED: Glaucoma is an important eye disease that, left untreated, causes irreversible blindness by affecting optic nerve threads. Decreasing intraocular pressure and maintaining it at a low level throughout the day is one of the objectives of antiglaucoma therapy. METHODS: This is a prospective study conducted on a sample of 80 patients who presented at "Emergency Eye Hospital" Bucharest between 1st of December 2013 30th of July 2014. Patients were divided into two groups: 40 patients with glaucoma and 40 patients without glaucoma (control group). THE OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY: To determine changes in intraocular pressure that may occur depending on body posture and the correlations between changes in intraocular pressure and glaucoma, obesity, hypertension. These IOP changes may be important in the progression of glaucoma regarding that one third of our time is spent on supine position during night. RESULTS AND CONCLUZIONS: IOP varies from sitting down to supine position. IOP increases in supine in most patients (with or without glaucoma) with an average of 1.25 mmHg. The increase among patients with glaucoma is higher (1.67 mmHg) compared to those without glaucoma (0.82 mmHg). In patients with hypertension and glaucoma, IOP increased with 2.62 mmHg. In patients with hypertension and obesity IOP increased with 2.5 mmHg.