Practice recommendations for neurovascular ultrasound investigations of acute stroke patients in the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic: an expert consensus from the European Society of Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamics.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Patients with acute ischemic stroke are at high-risk for contracting COVID-19 infection. Additionally, healthcare professionals including neurovascular ultrasound providers are also at risk of being infected by SARS-CoV-2 virus. Yet, preparedness to continue to guarantee hyperacute treatment is vital for patients outcome. In light of this situation, the European Society of Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamic (ESNCH) appointed a task force to provide consensus recommendations for the performance of neurovascular ultrasound investigations in acute ischemic stroke during the COVID-19 pandemic with the aim of protecting both patients and ultrasound providers. METHODS: The "ultrasound in acute stroke working group" of the ESNCH examined literature articles and reviews using the following key words: "corona virus" or "COVID-19" or "SARS-CoV-2 virus", and "acute stroke" or "cerebrovascular disease", and "ultrasound". Thereafter, a thorough discussion was conducted with the "education and guidelines working group" of the ESNCH. RESULTS: We propose rapid up-to-date recommendations for healthcare personnel involved in the pre-hospital and intra-hospital assessment of stroke patients, with a particular attention to neurovascular ultrasound performance. CONCLUSION: The ESNCH provides a guidance summary for the performance of neurovascular ultrasound investigations in acute ischemic stroke in the time of COVID-19.

Accuracy of transcranial brain parenchyma sonography in the diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Transcranial sonography (TCS) of the brain parenchyma is used to visualize alterations in the substantia nigra (SN) and it is applied for early diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. Our aim was to explore specific echogenic alterations of the SN in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) compared to Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS: Seventy-one subjects underwent TCS: 22 DLB, 28 AD and 21 healthy elderly controls. Cognitive impairment, extrapyramidal signs, visual hallucinations, fluctuations and rapid eye movement sleep behaviour symptoms were investigated. TCS assessed SN hyperechogenicity and symmetry. RESULTS: Transcranial sonography revealed SN hyperechogenicity in 100% of DLB compared to 50% of AD and 30% of controls. Mean SN echogenic area (cm(2) ) was 0.22 ± 0.03 in DLB, 0.15 ± 0.03 in AD and 0.14 ± 0.03 in controls (P < 0.0001). More than 50% of DLB presented a marked hyperechogenicity (cutoff value >0.22 cm(2) ) compared to only 10% of AD (P < 0.0003). DLB had symmetrical SN enlargement, whereas AD were mostly asymmetrical (P = 0.015). A combination of SN echogenic area and asymmetry index had a sensitivity of 88.9% and a specificity of 81.2% in discriminating DLB from AD (positive predictive value 85.7%, negative predictive value 85.7%). No association was found between SN hyperechogenicity and Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part III, Mini Mental State Examination or the presence of visual hallucinations. CONCLUSIONS: Transcranial sonography may be a valid supportive tool in the diagnostic workup of neurodegenerative dementia helping clinicians to distinguish DLB from AD even at the early stages.

Heritability of arterial stiffness and carotid intima-media thickness: an Italian twin study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and arterial stiffness parameters, including aortic augmentation index (AIx) and pulse wave velocity (PWV), are independent predictors of stroke and cardiovascular disease. Genetic effects on these traits were never explored in a Mediterranean country. The present study aims to quantify the contribution of genes, environment and age to carotid IMT and aortic Aix and PWV. METHODS AND RESULTS: The twin design was used. A total of 348 adult twins from the Italian Twin Register underwent measurements of carotid IMT and aortic PWV and AIx in three university hospitals located in Rome, Padua and Perugia. Carotid IMT was measured by B-mode ultrasound, aortic PWV and AIx by Arteriograph. Genetic modelling was performed to decompose total variance of traits into genetic, shared and unshared environmental and age components. For each phenotype, the best-fitting model included additive genetic, unshared environmental and age effects. For IMT, heritability was 0.32 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.25-0.38), unshared environmental component was 0.25 (0.18-0.32) and age contribution was 0.44 (0.39-0.49). For AIx and PWV, heritabilities were 0.42 (0.29-0.55) and 0.49 (0.35-0.62), unshared environmental components were 0.31 (0.22-0.44) and 0.37 (0.26-0.51) and age contributions were 0.27 (0.16-0.39) and 0.14 (0.06-0.24), respectively. CONCLUSION: This study shows substantial genetic and unshared environmental influences on carotid intima-media thickness and arterial stiffness and confirms the relevant role of age in the aetiology of these traits. Further support is provided for prevention and health promotion strategies based on modifiable factors.

Progressive multiple sclerosis is not associated with chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency.

OBJECTIVE: Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) had been suggested to play a major pathogenetic role in multiple sclerosis (MS), but recent data on early stages of MS have not confirmed this theory. Nonetheless, CCSVI could represent a late phenomenon of MS or be associated with progression of disability. Thus, we studied CCSVI prevalence in primary progressive (PP) and secondary progressive (SP) MS, to clarify whether CCSVI characterizes the progressive forms of this disease. METHODS: A total of 35 patients with SPMS, 25 patients with PPMS, and 60 age- and gender-matched normal controls (NC) were enrolled into a cross-sectional study. Extracranial and transcranial high-resolution venous echo color Doppler sonography (ECDS-TCDS) was performed in all patients and NC. Those patients having any abnormal ultrasound finding were asked to undergo selective venography (VGF). RESULTS: Patients with PPMS (11 women, 14 men; mean age 47 ± 11 years) had a disease duration of 11 ± 7 years and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score of 6.0 ± 0.5. Patients with SPMS (22 women, 13 men; mean age 45 ± 14.5 years) had a disease duration of 18 ± 14 years and EDSS score of 6.0 ± 0.8. TCDS was normal in all patients. ECDS showed one or more abnormal findings in 9/60 (15.0%) patients (7/35 [20.0%] SPMS, 2/25 [8.0%] PPMS) and in 14/60 (23.3%) NC (p not significant for all comparisons). CCSVI criteria were fulfilled in 0 NC and 4 (6.7%) patients with MS: 3 SPMS and 1 PPMS. VGF, performed in 6/9 patients, was abnormal only in one case who had bilateral internal jugular vein stenosis. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that CCSVI is not a late secondary phenomenon of MS and is not associated with disability.

Age-adjusted reference limits for carotid intima-media thickness as better indicator of vascular risk: population-based estimates from the VITA project.

BACKGROUND: An increase of carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) has been demonstrated to be associated in many studies with the subsequent risk of cardio- and cerebrovascular events, but the threshold level of CIMT for an increased risk at different ages remains uncertain. OBJECTIVES: We aimed at establishing optimal reference limits associated with a definite increased vascular risk in the general population. METHODS: A cohort of 2580 subjects was enrolled in a population-based cross-sectional survey. CIMT was measured on both left and right common carotid arteries, and age-specific, percentile-based reference ranges for CIMT were computed together with the Framingham risk score. RESULTS: A significant, steady increase of CIMT reference ranges was observed within different age strata. CIMT levels were linearly related with an increase of the Framingham risk score, but after age-adjustment only the upper CIMT quintile was associated with a higher Framingham risk score. CONCLUSIONS: Age-specific reference limits provide better estimate of vascular risk in the population and correlation with established risk factors.

Subclavian carotid transposition for symptomatic subclavian artery stenosis or occlusion. A comparison with the endovascular procedure.

BACKGROUND: Although subclavian-carotid transposition (SCT), among all extrathoracic revascularization procedures, has emerged as the treatment of choice for symptomatic subclavian artery (SA) stenosis or occlusion, some authors advocate percutaneous transluminal angioplasty with stenting as the optimum primary therapy. AIM: to assess safety, efficacy and durability of SCT in the treatment of symptomatic SA stenosis or occlusion. DESIGN: review of a prospectively maintained vascular surgical registry. SETTING: University vascular surgical service. PATIENTS: 39 patients requiring surgery for symptomatic stenosis or occlusion of the proximal SA from September 1985 to August 1999. INTERVENTION: SCT. MEASURES: data were collected prospectively from hospital charts and office medical records to determine demographics, risk factors, presenting clinical manifestation, blood pressure differentials, location of the SA lesion and early postoperative outcome. Long-term follow-up was available in all patients. Patency of the revascularization was determined by physical examination and non-invasive laboratory studies. RESULTS: The perioperative mortality and morbidity rates were 2.5% (1 of 39) and 2.5% (1 of 39), respectively. Immediate relief of symptoms was achieved in 100% of cases. Mean follow-up was 6.8 years. Revascularization neither failed during the follow-up period, nor did patients have recurrent symptoms. The overall survival rates at 1, 3, 5 and 10 years were 100%, 100%, 86% and 68%. Overall late mortality rate was 18.4%: no death was stroke related. CONCLUSIONS: SCT is a very safe and effective surgical procedure for the treatment of symptomatic SA atherosclerotic disease, ensuring an excellent long-term patency.

Propionic acidaemia with basal ganglia stroke: treatment of acute extrapyramidal symptoms with L-DOPA.

A 15-year-old male with propionic acidaemia developed neurological complications secondary to basal ganglia involvement. Treatment with L-DOPA had a positive effect on his extrapyramidal syndrome.

A prospective randomized study on bilateral carotid endarterectomy: patching versus eversion.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical outcome and restenosis incidence of patients who underwent carotid endarterectomy with patch closure (CEAP) on one side and carotid eversion endarterectomy (CEE) on the other. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Although a few investigators have compared the results of CEAP versus CEE, no reports have compared the outcome of CEAP versus CEE in the same patient. METHODS: Eighty-six patients were randomly selected for sequential surgical treatment involving either CEAP/CEE or CEE/CEAP. All patients underwent postoperative duplex ultrasound study and clinical follow-up at 1, 6, and 12 months and every year thereafter. Various factors were analyzed to ascertain any association with restenosis, and Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to estimate the risk of restenosis. RESULTS: Demographic and clinical data were similar in the CEAP and CEE groups. The selective shunting rate was statistically higher in the CEAP group. There were no perioperative deaths. Although the incidence of perioperative ipsilateral stroke was not significant, CEAP patients had a rate of combined transient ischemic attacks and strokes that approached statistical significance. The mean follow-up was 40 months. CEAP patients had a significantly higher incidence of restenosis and combined occlusive events and restenoses. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that CEE had a significantly better cumulative patency rate than CEAP and that freedom from restenoses at 24 and 36 months was 87% and 83% for CEAP and 98% and 98% for CEE, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: CEE is less likely to cause perioperative neurologic complications and restenoses than CEAP. The significantly higher rate of unilateral recurrence suggests that local factors play a more important role than systemic factors in the occurrence of restenosis.

Carotid endarterectomy in women: early and long-term results.

BACKGROUND: Although many randomized trials and other multicenter studies have demonstrated the benefits of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) in selected symptomatic and asymptomatic patients, including women, there is a remarkable lack of reports regarding the outcome of CEA with respect to sex. To analyze and compare the outcome of CEA in men and women in a single-group experience, we reviewed a consecutive series of 619 CEAs performed in 539 patients, 371 men (423 CEAs) and 168 women (196 CEAs). METHODS: Data collection was retrospective up to August 1, 1992 and prospective for all 405 patients treated thereafter. RESULTS: Women were significantly less likely than men to have overt evidence of coronary artery disease (P < .001) and had a significantly higher incidence of diabetes (P < .001). No perioperative death occurred in the female group (P = NS), and no statistical difference was found in perioperative stroke risk incidence. Women had a significantly higher incidence of late occlusive events (P = .01), which were all asymptomatic. No late stroke occurred in the female group (P = NS). Life-table cumulative survival rates at 1, 3, 5, and 7 years were 99.3%, 90.5%, 85.9%, and 82.3%, respectively, in women, and 98.9%, 91.9%, 85.2%, and 79.6% in men (log-rang P = .8). CONCLUSIONS: These findings show that perioperative stroke risk and mortality rates, as well as late stroke-free, mortality, and recurrence rates, in patients undergoing CEA, are comparable in men and women. Further, larger comparative studies are necessary to provide more information on the benefit and durability of CEA in asymptomatic patients, but the results of this study suggest that the early and late outcomes are excellent and comparable in symptomatic and asymptomatic men and women.

The quest for early predictors of stroke evolution: can TCD be a guiding light?

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The present study aimed at evaluating the prognostic value of transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) in the acute phase of ischemic stroke, when major therapeutic decisions must be made. METHODS: Seventy-three patients with a first-ever ischemic hemispheric stroke underwent neurological assessment according to the Unified Neurological Stroke Scale, clinical subgrouping according to the criteria of Bamford, CT scan, cervical duplex sonography, and TCD, all within 12 hours from stroke onset. TCD was repeated on days 2 and 7. Patients were followed for 90 days, during which we calculated the fatality rate and then assessed clinical outcome. RESULTS: Emergency TCD revealed middle cerebral artery (MCA) no-flow in 24 cases and MCA asymmetry in 30 subjects. Serial TCD showed early (<24 hours) MCA recanalization in 6 patients. After 90 days, no patient with MCA occlusion at admission was autonomous, while 17 of 19 patients (89.5%) with a normal baseline TCD were independent. The fatality rate at 3 months was 21% but was 46% in patients with MCA occlusion and 61% in patients without signs of early MCA recanalization. Total anterior circulation infarct and abnormal TCD were significantly correlated (P:<0.001) with higher mortality rate and worse outcome (Barthel Index score

Symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid artery lesions in peripheral vascular disease: a prospective study.

PURPOSE: To assess the incidence and severity of internal carotid artery lesions in patients who were referred to a single institution with peripheral obliterative atherosclerotic disease (POAD) as their chief complaint, in order to identify symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects at risk of stroke who would benefit from surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Consecutive patients with clinically and Doppler scan-proven POAD underwent prospective screening for the presence of carotid symptomatic and asymptomatic atherosclerotic lesions with duplex ultrasound scan (DUS). Associated risk factors for atherosclerosis, i.e. age, sex, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, history of smoking and history of coronary artery disease were assessed and recorded. Univariate analysis was performed to correlate the risk factors with the presence of POAD and carotid lesions. RESULTS: Three-hundred and twelve consecutive patients were evaluated over an 18-month period. A 30% or greater carotid stenosis was detected by DUS in 189 patients (19 bilateral); 57 (30%) of these had neurologic symptoms, 19 of whom had a 70-99% carotid lesion, whereas 65 of the 132 asymptomatic patients had 60-99% carotid stenosis. Univariate analysis revealed no differences in the symptomatic and asymptomatic groups between patients who were potential candidates for carotid endarterectomy according to the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial and the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerotic Study Group guidelines, respectively, and those who were not as regards associated atherosclerotic risk factors and severity of POAD. All but 2 (n = 17) symptomatic and 18 asymptomatic patients underwent carotid endarterectomy based on DUS criteria alone. The perioperative stroke risk and mortality rates were 0%. CONCLUSIONS: Routine carotid DUS screening of 312 consecutive patients with POAD revealed that 19 patients with symptoms and 65 (5 bilateral) without symptoms would benefit from surgery, representing 27% of the series considered.