ABSTRACT
In holographic three-dimensional (3D) displays, the surface structures of 3D objects are reconstructed without their internal parts. In diffraction calculations using 3D fast Fourier transform (FFT), this sparse distribution of 3D objects can reduce the calculation time as the Fourier transform can be analytically solved in the depth direction and the 3D FFT can be resolved into multiple two-dimensional (2D) FFTs. Moreover, the Fourier spectrum required for hologram generation is not the entire 3D spectrum but a partial 2D spectrum located on the hemispherical surface. This sparsity of the required Fourier spectrum also reduces the number of 2D FFTs and improves the acceleration. In this study, a fast calculation algorithm based on two sparsities is derived theoretically and explained in detail. Our proposed algorithm demonstrated a 24-times acceleration improvement compared with a conventional algorithm and realized real-time hologram computing at a rate of 170 Hz.
ABSTRACT
We propose a method to enlarge the field of view (FOV) of holographic 3D displays in both the horizontal and vertical directions. The FOV was enlarged by using two galvano mirrors and a high-speed spatial light modulator. These optical elements were placed so that the imaging relation was satisfied among them and they were synchronously driven at a high speed to implement the time-division method. Using this method, a floating 3D object could be successfully reconstructed in mid-air near the focal point of the final lens at the rate of 10 Hz. The FOV was enlarged five times and two times in the horizontal and vertical directions, respectively.
ABSTRACT
Convex-parabolic-mirror reflection enables a very wide viewing zone in a holographic three-dimensional (3D) display. In this work, segmentation is introduced to reduce the calculation time of holograms in a convex-parabolic-mirror-reflection holographic 3D display. Wavefront segmentation can practically limit the lateral spread of the wavefront to be considered, which enables the application of geometrical approximation and conventional diffraction theories such as Fresnel diffraction. Thus, diffraction calculation via the convex parabolic mirror can be derived analytically and calculated rapidly using fast Fourier transform (FFT). Our proposed FFT-based method can calculate the diffraction integral 7000 times faster than our previous method, which involved calculating directly the diffraction integral without FFT. In addition, numerical simulation and an optical experiment are presented to verify our proposal.
ABSTRACT
To realize a real-time interactive holographic three-dimensional (3D) display system, we synthesize a set of 24 full high-definition (HD) binary computer-generated holograms (CGHs) based on a 3D fast-Fourier-transform-based approach. These 24 CGHs are streamed into a digital micromirror device (DMD) as a single 24-bit image at 60 Hz: 1440 CGHs are synthesized in less than a second. Continual updates of the CGHs displayed on the DMD and synchronization with a rotating mirror enlarges the horizontal viewing zone to 360° using a time-division approach. We successfully demonstrate interactive manipulation, such as object rotation, rendering mode switching, and threshold value alteration, for a medical dataset of a human head obtained by X-ray computed tomography.
ABSTRACT
A technical full-color reconstruction method is presented to develop our previous monochromatic holographic three-dimensional display with a horizontal full viewing zone. A digital micromirror device (DMD) is used as a high-speed spatial light modulator, and its modulation area is divided into three parts, which independently handle three sub-holograms corresponding to red, green, and blue components. The reconstructed images from a single frame of the DMD never form full-color images. However, given that this spatial division is combined with the time-division method for the full viewing zone, each monochromatic image is temporally mixed, and practically full-color images are reconstructed. After monochromatic reconstruction from a single frame was confirmed, full-color reconstruction with a horizontal full viewing zone was demonstrated.
ABSTRACT
The diffraction integral onto a spherical surface is discussed in the three-dimensional (3D) Fourier domain of the 3D object used. The diffraction integral is expressed in the form of the convolution integral between the partial Fourier components of the 3D object and the kernel function defined on the sphere. This two-dimensional convolution on the sphere can be calculated rapidly based on the convolution theorem by performing spherical harmonic transform instead of Fourier transform. This paper presents a detailed derivation of this diffraction integral and analyzes the sampling pitch required for handing the data on the sphere. Our proposed method is verified using a simple simulation of Young's interference experiment. Moreover, a numerical simulation with a more complicated 3D object is demonstrated. Our proposed method speeds up the calculation of the diffraction integral by more than 6,000 times compared with the direct calculation method.
ABSTRACT
To enlarge both horizontal (azimuthal) and vertical (zenithal) viewing zones simultaneously, a convex parabolic mirror is placed after passing through the hologram. Viewers perceive a three-dimensional (3D) object inside the parabolic mirror as a virtual image by capturing the wavefront radially reflected from the parabolic mirror. The optical experiment using the convex parabolic mirror has demonstrated an extremely wide viewing zone with an azimuthal range of 180° and zenithal range of 90°. The viewing zone and the shape of the parabolic surface are analyzed. The hologram is designed considering the parabolic mirror reflection, and its diffraction calculation method based on Fermat's principle is also proposed.
ABSTRACT
This study proposes a method to reduce the calculation time and memory usage required for calculating cylindrical computer-generated holograms. The wavefront on the cylindrical observation surface is represented as a convolution integral in the 3D Fourier domain. The Fourier transformation of the kernel function involving this convolution integral is analytically performed using a Bessel function expansion. The analytical solution can drastically reduce the calculation time and the memory usage without any cost, compared with the numerical method using fast Fourier transform to Fourier transform the kernel function. In this study, we present the analytical derivation, the efficient calculation of Bessel function series, and a numerical simulation. Furthermore, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the analytical solution through comparisons of calculation time and memory usage.
ABSTRACT
Interpixel cross talk decreases the quality of a reconstructed signal in holographic data storage and imposes a limitation on its storage capacity. To reduce the interpixel cross talk, an orthogonal polarization encoding method is proposed. In the proposed method, the polarization state of each pixel is set to be orthogonal with that of surrounding pixels. This prevents the interference between nearest-neighboring pixels and significantly reduces the gross of the interpixel cross talk. The quality of the data page obtained with the proposed method is numerically and experimentally evaluated. Those results suggest that the proposed method can improve the quality of a reconstructed signal.
ABSTRACT
A helical surface relief can be created in an azo-polymer film simply by illuminating circularly polarized light with spin angular momentum and without any orbital angular momentum. The helicity of the surface relief is determined by the sign of the spin angular momentum. The illumination of circularly polarized light induces orbital motion of the azo-polymer to shape the helical surface relief as an intermediate form; a subsequent transformation to a non-helical bump-shaped relief with a central peak creates a final form with additional exposure time. The mechanism for the formation of such a helical surface relief was also theoretically analyzed using the formula for the optical radiation force in a homogeneous and isotropic material.
ABSTRACT
A method for a continuous optical rotation compensation in a time-division-based holographic three-dimensional (3D) display with a rotating mirror is presented. Since the coordinate system of wavefronts after the mirror reflection rotates about the optical axis along with the rotation angle, compensation or cancellation is absolutely necessary to fix the reconstructed 3D object. In this study, we address this problem by introducing an optical image rotator based on a right-angle prism that rotates synchronously with the rotating mirror. The optical and continuous compensation reduces the occurrence of duplicate images, which leads to the improvement of the quality of reconstructed images. The effect of the optical rotation compensation is experimentally verified and a demonstration of holographic 3D display with the optical rotation compensation is presented.
ABSTRACT
A coaxial polarization holographic data recording is proposed, and a proof-of-principle experiment is demonstrated for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. A proposed recording system allows us to record and retrieve a volume polarization hologram using a simple optical setup, as compared with conventional polarization holographic data storage systems. By using the proposed system, the data pages encoded on horizontal and vertical linearly polarized beams were simultaneously recorded, and each data page was successfully retrieved without any error. Moreover, the effectiveness of a random phase mask was experimentally and quantitatively confirmed in polarization holographic data storage.
ABSTRACT
A holographic three-dimensional display system with a viewing angle of 360°, by using a high-speed digital micromirror device (DMD), has been proposed. The wavefront modulated by the DMD enters a rotating mirror tilted vertically downward. The synchronization of the rotating mirror and holograms displayed on the DMD allows for the reconstruction of a wavefront propagating in all horizontal directions. An optical experiment has been demonstrated in order to verify our proposed system. Binocular vision is realized from anywhere within the horizontal plane. Our display system enables simultaneous observation by multiple viewers at an extremely close range.
ABSTRACT
The relation between a three-dimensional (3D) object and its diffracted wavefront in the 3D Fourier space is discussed at first and then a rigorous diffraction formula onto cylindrical surfaces is derived. The azimuthal direction and the spatial frequency direction corresponding to height can be expressed with a one-dimensional (1D) convolution integral and a 1D inverse Fourier transform in the 3D Fourier space, respectively, and fast Fourier transforms are available for fast calculation. A numerical simulation of a diffracted wavefront on cylindrical surfaces is presented. An alternative optical experiment equivalent of the optical reconstruction from cylindrical holograms is also demonstrated.
Subject(s)
Computer Simulation , Fourier Analysis , Holography/methods , Algorithms , Time FactorsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Ion beam has been used in cancer treatment, and has a unique preferable feature to deposit its main energy inside a human body so that cancer cell could be killed by the ion beam. However, conventional ion accelerator tends to be huge in its size and its cost. In this paper a future intense-laser ion accelerator is proposed to make the ion accelerator compact. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: An intense femtosecond pulsed laser was employed to accelerate ions. The issues in the laser ion accelerator include the energy efficiency from the laser to the ions, the ion beam collimation, the ion energy spectrum control, the ion beam bunching and the ion particle energy control. In the study particle computer simulations were performed to solve the issues, and each component was designed to control the ion beam quality. RESULTS: When an intense laser illuminates a target, electrons in the target are accelerated and leave from the target; temporarily a strong electric field is formed between the high-energy electrons and the target ions, and the target ions are accelerated. The energy efficiency from the laser to ions was improved by using a solid target with a fine sub-wavelength structure or by a near-critical density gas plasma. The ion beam collimation was realized by holes behind the solid target. The control of the ion energy spectrum and the ion particle energy, and the ion beam bunching were successfully realized by a multi-stage laser-target interaction. CONCLUSIONS: The present study proposed a novel concept for a future compact laser ion accelerator, based on each component study required to control the ion beam quality and parameters.
ABSTRACT
Background scattered light should normally be reduced in industrial fabrication processes; however, we demonstrated that background scattered light from an optical element contains significant structural information about the element. This was revealed by quite good agreement between the measured scattering intensity distribution of a sample and a computer simulation of the light intensity from the sample. The intensity distribution from a carefully fabricated sample with artificially controlled defects was obtained with a measurement system designed to measure ultraweak background scattered light covering an intensity range of over 10(10).
ABSTRACT
A fast calculation method for computer-generated holograms for hidden surface removal is proposed. In this method, a three-dimensional object is considered as a set of point light sources emitting light rays. To achieve the hidden surface removal, only appropriate light rays are selected according to their geometrical position, which are then converted into a Fourier spectrum of the wavefront. After the Fourier spectrum on the spherical surface is obtained, diffraction in arbitrary directions is calculated. Numerical simulation of a series of diffracted wavefronts onto arbitrary observation planes has been demonstrated to verify the effectiveness of our proposal.
ABSTRACT
Simultaneous recording of two data pages by dual-channel polarization holography is experimentally demonstrated. Two data pages are transferred as two orthogonal scalar wave components of a vector wave. The signal vector wave and reference beam are superposed on a polarization-sensitive medium. The two recorded data pages are simultaneously and independently reconstructed. Furthermore, holographic angular multiplex recording is performed.
ABSTRACT
In this Letter, the principle of polarization holography for recording an arbitrary vector wave on a thin polarization-sensitive recording medium is proposed. It is analytically shown that the complex amplitudes of p- and s-polarization components are simultaneously recorded and independently reconstructed by using an s-polarized reference beam. The characteristics are experimentally verified.
ABSTRACT
We propose a new digital holography method using an ultra-broadband light source and a chromatic phase-shifter. The chromatic phase-shifter gives different frequency shifts for respective spectral frequencies so that the spectrum of the light reflected from the object can be measured to reveal the spectral property of the object, and arbitrary selection of signals in the temporal frequency domain enables single- and multi-wavelength measurements with wide dynamic range. A theoretical analysis, computer simulations, and optical experiments were performed to verify the advantages of the proposed method.
