Combined conjugate vaccines: enhanced immunogenicity with the N19 polyepitope as a carrier protein.

The N19 polyepitope, consisting of a sequential string of universal human CD4(+)-T-cell epitopes, was tested as a carrier protein in a formulation of combined glycoconjugate vaccines containing the capsular polysaccharides (PSs) of Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, C, W-135, and Y. Good antibody responses to all four polysaccharides were induced by one single immunization of mice with N19-based conjugates. Two immunizations with N19 conjugates elicited anti-MenACWY antibody titers comparable to those induced after three doses of glycoconjugates containing CRM197 as carrier protein. Compared to cross-reacting material (CRM)-based constructs, lower amounts of N19-MenACWY conjugates still induced high bactericidal titers to all four PSs. Moreover, N19-MenACWY-conjugated constructs induced faster and higher antibody avidity maturation against meningococcal C PS than CRM-based conjugates. Very importantly, N19-specific antibodies did not cross-react with the parent protein from which N19 epitopes were derived, e.g., tetanus toxoid and influenza virus hemagglutinin. Finally, T helper epitopes of the N19 carrier protein were effectively generated both in vivo (after immunization with the N19 itself) and in vitro (after restimulation of epitope-specific spleen cells). Taken together, these data show that the N19 polyepitope represents a strong and valid option for the generation of improved or new combined glycoconjugate vaccines.

N19 polyepitope as a carrier for enhanced immunogenicity and protective efficacy of meningococcal conjugate vaccines.

N19, a string of human universal CD4 T-cell epitopes from various pathogen-derived antigens, was shown to exert a stronger carrier effect than CRM197 for the induction of anti-group C Neisseria meningitidis capsular polysaccharide (MenC), after immunization of mice with various dosages of N19-MenC or CRM-MenC conjugate vaccines. After two immunizations, the N19-based construct induced anti-MenC antibody and protective bactericidal antibody titers higher than those induced by three doses of the CRM-MenC conjugate and required lower amounts of conjugate. N19-based conjugates are superior to CRM-based conjugates to induce protective immune responses to MenC conjugates.

Sphingosine-based liposome as DNA vector for intramuscular gene delivery.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to develop a labile sphingosine-based liposome for intramuscular gene delivery. METHODS: Sphingosine-based liposomes were formulated in a range of solutions with phosphatidylcholine, then were associated to DNA. The physico-chemical characteristics of the sphingosine/EPC liposomes and sphingosine/EPC/DNA lipoplexes were determined. DNA stability within sphingosine-based liposomes was evaluated in the presence of a nuclease and mouse serum. In vivo gene transfer was studied by intramuscular injection with and without the electrotransfer technique. RESULTS: By increasing the charge ratios, colloidally stable sphingosine/DNA particles with a 170 nm average diameter and a positive zeta potential were obtained. Ethidium bromide was still able to insert into plasmid DNA within the lipoplexes, even though plasmid DNA was demonstrated to be complexed to the lipid by gel electrophoresis. Additionally, DNA was shown to be accessible to DNase I, but significantly resistant to serum enzymatic digestion. Upon intramuscular injection, lipoplexes induced an inhibition of gene expression as compared with naked DNA. CONCLUSIONS: The cationic sphingosine/EPC/DNA complexes form weakly compacted structure, potentially labile in vivo, which might be useful for in vivo gene transfer.