ABSTRACT
Abstract Background: The prevalence of childhood obesity and associated conditions, such as hypertension, has become a major problem of public health. Although waist circumference (WC) is a marker of cardiovascular risk in adults, it is unclear whether this index is associated with cardiovascular risk factors in children. Objective: Our aim was to evaluate the association between increased WC and elevated blood pressure (BP) in children with normal body mass index (BMI) ranges. Methods: Cross-sectional evaluation of students between 6 and 11 years with normal BMI. WC was categorized by quartile for each age group. Normal BP was defined as values < 90th percentile, and levels above this range were considered elevated. Values of p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Of the 5,037 children initially assessed, 404 (8%) were excluded for being underweight and 1,216 (24.1%) were excluded for being overweight or obese. A final sample of 3,417 children was evaluated. The prevalence of elevated BP was 10.7%. In children with WC in the lowest quartile, the prevalence of elevated BP was 8.1%. This prevalence increased in upper quartiles: 10.6% in the second, 12.4% in third and 12.1% in the upper quartile. So, in this group, being in the highest WC quartile was associated with a 57% higher likelihood to present elevated BP when compared to those in the lowest quartile (Q4 vs Q1; OR 1.57 - 95%CI 1.14 - 2.17). Conclusion: In children aged 6 to 11 years, increased waist circumference is associated with elevated BP even when BMI is normal.
Resumo Fundamento: A prevalência da obesidade infantil e condições associadas, tal como a hipertensão, tornou-se um grande problema de saúde pública. Embora a circunferência da cintura (CC) seja um marcador de risco cardiovascular em adultos, não está claro se esse índice está associado a fatores de risco cardiovascular em crianças. Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre CC aumentada e pressão arterial (PA) elevada em crianças com índice de massa corpórea (IMC) normal. Métodos: Avaliação transversal de estudantes com idade entre 6 e 11 anos com IMC normal. A CC foi categorizada por quartil para cada faixa etária. PA normal foi definida como valores < percentil 90. Níveis acima dessa faixa foram considerados elevados. Valores de p<0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significantes. Resultados: Das 5037 crianças inicialmente avaliadas, 404 (8%) foram excluídas por estarem abaixo do peso e 1216 (24,1%) foram excluídas por estarem com sobrepeso ou obesidade. Uma amostra final de 3417 crianças foi avaliada. A prevalência de PA elevada foi de 10,7%. Em crianças com CC no quartil mais baixo, a prevalência de PA elevada foi de 8,1%. Essa prevalência aumentou em quartis superiores: 10,6% no segundo, 12,4% no terceiro e 12,1% no quartil mais alto. Assim, nesse grupo, estar no quartil mais alto de CC associou-se com uma probabilidade 57% maior de apresentar PA elevada em comparação aos quartis mais baixos (Q4 vs. Q1; OR 1,57 - IC95% 1,14 - 2,17). Conclusão: Em crianças de 6 a 11 anos, circunferência da cintura aumentada está associada à PA elevada, mesmo quando o IMC é normal. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2017; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Waist Circumference , Obesity, Abdominal/complications , Pediatric Obesity/complications , Hypertension/etiology , Urban Population , Blood Pressure , Brazil/epidemiology , Body Mass Index , Prevalence , Cross-Sectional Studies , Risk Factors , Obesity, Abdominal/epidemiology , Pediatric Obesity/epidemiology , Hypertension/epidemiologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The prevalence of childhood obesity and associated conditions, such as hypertension, has become a major problem of public health. Although waist circumference (WC) is a marker of cardiovascular risk in adults, it is unclear whether this index is associated with cardiovascular risk factors in children. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to evaluate the association between increased WC and elevated blood pressure (BP) in children with normal body mass index (BMI) ranges. METHODS: Cross-sectional evaluation of students between 6 and 11 years with normal BMI. WC was categorized by quartile for each age group. Normal BP was defined as values < 90th percentile, and levels above this range were considered elevated. Values of p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Of the 5,037 children initially assessed, 404 (8%) were excluded for being underweight and 1,216 (24.1%) were excluded for being overweight or obese. A final sample of 3,417 children was evaluated. The prevalence of elevated BP was 10.7%. In children with WC in the lowest quartile, the prevalence of elevated BP was 8.1%. This prevalence increased in upper quartiles: 10.6% in the second, 12.4% in third and 12.1% in the upper quartile. So, in this group, being in the highest WC quartile was associated with a 57% higher likelihood to present elevated BP when compared to those in the lowest quartile (Q4 vs Q1; OR 1.57 - 95%CI 1.14 - 2.17). CONCLUSION: In children aged 6 to 11 years, increased waist circumference is associated with elevated BP even when BMI is normal.
Subject(s)
Hypertension/etiology , Obesity, Abdominal/complications , Pediatric Obesity/complications , Waist Circumference , Blood Pressure , Body Mass Index , Brazil/epidemiology , Child , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Hypertension/epidemiology , Male , Obesity, Abdominal/epidemiology , Pediatric Obesity/epidemiology , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Urban PopulationABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Antipsychotic medications are being prescribed for a growing number of women with mental illnesses. However, evidence regarding their safety in pregnancy is still insufficient to provide adequate support for clinical practice, creating increasing concern among pregnant women and clinicians. AREAS COVERED: The aim of this article is to review published data regarding the safety of antipsychotic medications in pregnancy with a focus on the most commonly used atypical antipsychotics. EXPERT OPINION: Given the potential harm of not treating severe psychiatric illnesses during pregnancy, careful administration of antipsychotics is recommended for pregnant women who suffer from severe mental disorders. The most frequently used antipsychotics in pregnancy are olanzapine, risperidone and quetiapine, and do not appear to cause consistent, congenital harm to the fetus. No specific patterns of fetal limb or organ malformation related to these drugs have been reported. There is some evidence suggesting an association between antipsychotic use in pregnancy and the development of gestational diabetes. Also there appears to be an association between antipsychotic medication use in pregnancy and increased neonatal respiratory distress and withdrawal symptoms. Further studies are needed for clinicians to balance good maternal mental health, healthy pregnancies and good infant health outcomes.
