Dairy product consumption and type 2 diabetes in an Argentinian population:is there an association? / Consumo de productos lácteos y diabetes tipo 2 en una población argentina: ¿existe asociación?

Introduction: dairy products have long been recommended as part of a healthy eating plan, but there is a controversial opinion about whetheror not they should be included in the diet of people with type 2 diabetes (T2D).Objective: the aim of this study was to know if there is an association between the intake of total dairy and dairy subgroups and the chance ofhaving T2D, and the status of markers of glucose metabolism.Methods: three hundred and forty-two adult subjects participated in the study. A validated food-frequency questionnaire was applied to establishthe dairy intake. Clinical-pathological and anthropometric variables (height, weight, waist circumference and serum concentrations of blood glucose,glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c], high sensitive C-reactive protein [hs-CRP], tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNFα], interleukin [IL] 6 and IL-10) weremeasured. Consumption tertiles were calculated for each dairy subgroup. Correlation coefficients, multiple linear regression models and logisticregression models were used to assess the relation between dairy product consumption and markers of glucose metabolism.Results: a negative correlation was observed between the consumption of fermented dairy products and IL-10 (r = -0.27, p = 0.0206). Fermenteddairy products were inversely associated with blood glucose, and HbA1c. Total dairy intake was positively associated with a lower chance ofhaving diabetes in tertiles 2 and 3 of consumption, in relation to the reference tertile, adjusted for age, smoking habit, and alcohol intake, bodymass index (BMI) and dietary variables.Conclusions: with this study, we broaden our understanding of the role of dairy intake in diabetes risk. However, more long-term studies areneeded to confirm the associations and explore different confounding factors.(AU)

Introducción: los lácteos se han recomendado durante mucho tiempo como parte de un plan de alimentación saludable, pero existen opinionescontrovertidas sobre si deben incluirse en la dieta de las personas con diabetes tipo 2 (DT2).Objetivo: el objetivo fue conocer si existe asociación entre la ingesta de lácteos totales y subgrupos lácteos y la posibilidad de tener DT2, y elestado de los marcadores del metabolismo de la glucosa.Métodos: participaron 342 sujetos adultos. Se aplicó un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo para establecer el consumo de lácteos. Semidieron variables clínicas-patológicas y antropométricas (talla, peso, circunferencia de cintura y concentraciones séricas de glucosa en sangre,hemoglobina glicosilada [HbA1c], proteína C reactiva ultrasensible [PCR-us], factor de necrosis tumoral alfa [TNFα], interleuquina [IL] 6 e IL-10).Se calcularon terciles de consumo para cada subgrupo de lácteos. Se utilizaron coeficientes de correlación, modelos de regresión lineal múltipley regresión logística para evaluar la relación entre el consumo de lácteos y los marcadores del metabolismo de la glucosa.Resultados: los productos lácteos fermentados se asociaron inversamente con la glucosa en sangre y la HbA1c. La ingesta total de lácteos seasoció positivamente con una menor probabilidad de tener diabetes en los terciles 2 y 3 de consumo, en comparación con el tercil de referencia,ajustado por edad, tabaquismo, ingesta de alcohol, índice de masa corporal (IMC) y variables dietéticas.Conclusiones: con este estudio, ampliamos nuestra comprensión del papel de la ingesta de lácteos en el riesgo de diabetes. Sin embargo, senecesitan más estudios a largo plazo para confirmar las asociaciones y explorar diferentes factores de confusión.(AU)

Dairy product consumption and type 2 diabetes in an Argentinian population: is there an association?

Introduction: Introduction: dairy products have long been recommended as part of a healthy eating plan, but there is a controversial opinion about whether or not they should be included in the diet of people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Objective: the aim of this study was to know if there is an association between the intake of total dairy and dairy subgroups and the chance of having T2D, and the status of markers of glucose metabolism. Methods: three hundred and forty-two adult subjects participated in the study. A validated food-frequency questionnaire was applied to establish the dairy intake. Clinical-pathological and anthropometric variables (height, weight, waist circumference and serum concentrations of blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c], high sensitive C-reactive protein [hs-CRP], tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNFα], interleukin [IL] 6 and IL-10) were measured. Consumption tertiles were calculated for each dairy subgroup. Correlation coefficients, multiple linear regression models and logistic regression models were used to assess the relation between dairy product consumption and markers of glucose metabolism. Results: a negative correlation was observed between the consumption of fermented dairy products and IL-10 (r = -0.27, p = 0.0206). Fermented dairy products were inversely associated with blood glucose, and HbA1c. Total dairy intake was positively associated with a lower chance of having diabetes in tertiles 2 and 3 of consumption, in relation to the reference tertile, adjusted for age, smoking habit, and alcohol intake, body mass index (BMI) and dietary variables. Conclusions: with this study, we broaden our understanding of the role of dairy intake in diabetes risk. However, more long-term studies are needed to confirm the associations and explore different confounding factors.

Introducción: Introducción: los lácteos se han recomendado durante mucho tiempo como parte de un plan de alimentación saludable, pero existen opiniones controvertidas sobre si deben incluirse en la dieta de las personas con diabetes tipo 2 (DT2). Objetivo: el objetivo fue conocer si existe asociación entre la ingesta de lácteos totales y subgrupos lácteos y la posibilidad de tener DT2, y el estado de los marcadores del metabolismo de la glucosa. Métodos: participaron 342 sujetos adultos. Se aplicó un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo para establecer el consumo de lácteos. Se midieron variables clínicas-patológicas y antropométricas (talla, peso, circunferencia de cintura y concentraciones séricas de glucosa en sangre, hemoglobina glicosilada [HbA1c], proteína C reactiva ultrasensible [PCR-us], factor de necrosis tumoral alfa [TNFα], interleuquina [IL] 6 e IL-10). Se calcularon terciles de consumo para cada subgrupo de lácteos. Se utilizaron coeficientes de correlación, modelos de regresión lineal múltiple y regresión logística para evaluar la relación entre el consumo de lácteos y los marcadores del metabolismo de la glucosa. Resultados: los productos lácteos fermentados se asociaron inversamente con la glucosa en sangre y la HbA1c. La ingesta total de lácteos se asoció positivamente con una menor probabilidad de tener diabetes en los terciles 2 y 3 de consumo, en comparación con el tercil de referencia, ajustado por edad, tabaquismo, ingesta de alcohol, índice de masa corporal (IMC) y variables dietéticas. Conclusiones: con este estudio, ampliamos nuestra comprensión del papel de la ingesta de lácteos en el riesgo de diabetes. Sin embargo, se necesitan más estudios a largo plazo para confirmar las asociaciones y explorar diferentes factores de confusión.

Interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein for optimal immunometabolic profiling of the lifestyle-related cardiorenal risk.

OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to identify optimal inflammatory biomarkers involved in cardiorenal risk in response to major lifestyle factors. METHODS: One hundred and twenty-nine adults aged 35-77 years participated voluntarily from 2017 to 2019 (Córdoba, Argentina) in a cross-sectional study to collect sociodemographic, clinical, and lifestyle data. Blood biomarkers (different cytokines, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 [MCP-1], and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hs-CRP]) were measured using standard methods and then evaluated by principal component analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM) according to Mediterranean diet adherence, physical activity level, and waist circumference, while cardiorenal risk involved blood diastolic pressure, HDL-cholesterol, triacylglycerols, creatinine, and glycosylated hemoglobin. RESULTS: A principal component included TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-alpha), IL-8 (interleukin-8), IL-6 (interleukin-6), hs-CRP, and MCP-1, with absolute rotated factor loadings >0.10. SEM showed that IL-6 (ß=0.38, 95 % IC=0.08-0.68), hs-CRP (ß=0.33, 95 % IC=0.17-0.48), and TNF-α (ß=0.22, 95 % IC=0.11-0.32) were the mediators that better explained an inflammatory profile positively related to waist circumference (ß=0.77, 95 % IC=0.61-0.94). Moreover, this profile was associated with an increased cardiorenal risk (ß=0.78, 95 % IC=0.61-0.94), which was well-defined by the variable used. CONCLUSIONS: Immune mediators are key elements in profiling the cardiorenal risk associated with lifestyle factors, for which the combination of hs-CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α has emerged as a robust indicator. This work reaffirms the need for biomarker optimization for early diagnosis and risk assessment.

Long-term effects of different exercise training modes on cytokines and adipokines in individuals with overweight/obesity and cardiometabolic diseases: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of randomized controlled trials.

The present study aimed to investigate the evidence on the effects of different long-term training interventions (aerobic [AeT], resistance [RT], and combined [COMB]) and spontaneous physical activity (PA) in modifying cytokines and adipokines in individuals with overweight or obesity with or without cardiometabolic diseases while considering potential confounders. Although exercise interventions have become a potentially effective tool for preventing and treating metabolic diseases, the evidence provided by previous systematic reviews is inconclusive since several potential confounders have yet to be addressed. Therefore, we conducted a systematic literature search in Medline, Cochrane, and Embase databases from January 2000 to July 2022 and performed a meta-analysis. Inclusion criteria retrieved 106 full texts comprising 8,642 individuals with a range BMI of 25.1-43.8 kg m-2 . We found that independently of the training mode, exercise had a beneficial effect on diminishing Adiponectin, C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-6, IL-18, IL-20, Leptin, sICAM, and TNF-α levels circulating levels. Furthermore, by subsequent analysis, we detected differential effects of AeT, RT, and COMB, with sex, age, body composition, and trial length acting as moderators. The comparison of training modes revealed a difference favoring COMB over AeT for regulating the increase in CRP with no differences in the remaining biomarkers. Meta-regression analysis revealed an effect of change in maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max ) on CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α, while IL-10 was influenced by the change in body fat. The results suggest that all interventions, except PA, are effective in lessening this population's inflammatory status, provided that exercise results in an increase of VO2max .