ABSTRACT
In Amazonian Brazil the etiological agents of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) belong to at least seven Leishmania species but little is known about the putative phlebotomine sand fly vectors in different biomes. In 2002-2003 a survey of the phlebotomine fauna was undertaken in the "Floresta Nacional do Tapajós", Belterra municipality, in the lower Amazon region, western Pará State, Brazil, where we recently confirmed the presence of a putative hybrid parasite, L. (V.) guyanensis × L. (V.) shawi shawi. Sand flies were collected from Centers for Disease Control (CDC) light traps, Shannon traps and by aspiration on tree bases. Females were dissected and attempts to isolate any flagellate infections were made by inoculating homogenized midguts into Difco B(45) medium. Isolates were characterized by monoclonal antibodies and isoenzyme electrophoresis. A total of 9,704 sand flies, belonging to 68 species or subspecies, were collected. Infections were found in the following sand flies: L. (V.) naiffi with Psychodopygus hirsutus hirsutus (1) and Ps. davisi (2); and L. (V.) shawi shawi with Nyssomyia whitmani (3) and Lutzomyia gomezi (1). These results provide strong evidence of new putative transmission cycles for L. (V.) naiffi and L. (V.) s. shawi.
Subject(s)
Insect Vectors/parasitology , Leishmania/physiology , Psychodidae/parasitology , Animals , Brazil , Female , Insect Vectors/classification , Leishmania/classification , Leishmania/isolation & purification , Male , Psychodidae/classificationABSTRACT
The phlebotomine sandfly Trichophoromyia adelsonsouzai sp. nov. is described and illustrated based on the male and female morphological characteristics of specimens collected at Km 27 of the Trans-Amazonian Highway, municipality of Vitória do Xingu, state of Pará, Brazilian Amazonia. This is an area subject to the direct influence of Belo Monte hydroelectric system. With the description of this new species the number of Trichophoromyia sandflies recorded in Brazil is increased to 20.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Insect Vectors/anatomy & histology , Psychodidae/anatomy & histology , Psychodidae/classification , Animal Distribution/classification , Brazil , Energy-Generating Resources , Power Plants , Rainforest , Sex Factors , Species SpecificityABSTRACT
The phlebotomine sandfly Trichophoromyia adelsonsouzai sp. nov. is described and illustrated based on the male and female morphological characteristics of specimens collected at Km 27 of the Trans-Amazonian Highway, municipality of Vitória do Xingu, state of Pará, Brazilian Amazonia. This is an area subject to the direct influence of Belo Monte hydroelectric system. With the description of this new species the number of Trichophoromyia sandflies recorded in Brazil is increased to 20.
Subject(s)
Insect Vectors/anatomy & histology , Psychodidae/anatomy & histology , Psychodidae/classification , Animal Distribution/classification , Animals , Brazil , Energy-Generating Resources , Female , Male , Power Plants , Rainforest , Sex Factors , Species SpecificityABSTRACT
Estudo prospectivo realizado no período de maio/2006-setembro/2008, numa coorte de 1.099 indivíduos, ambos os sexos, com idades de 1 a 84 anos (média 24, 4 anos), residente em área endêmica de leishmaniose visceral americana (LVA) no Município de Cametá, Pará, Brasil, objetivando analisar a prevalência e a incidência da infecção humana por Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi, assim como a dinâmica da evolução dos seus perfis clínico-imunológicos previamente definidos: 1. Infecção assintomática (IA); 2. Infecção sintomática (IS=LVA); 3. Infecção subclínica oligossintomática (ISO); 4. Infecção subclínica resistente (ISR); e 5. Infecção inicial indeterminada (III). O diagnóstico da infecção baseou-se no uso simultâneo da reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI) e reação intradérmica de hipersensibilidade tardia. Um total de 304 casos da infecção foi diagnosticado no período do estudo (187 na prevalência e 117 na incidência), gerando prevalência acumulada de 27,6 por cento, cuja distribuição no âmbito dos perfis clínico-imunológicos foi da seguinte ordem: IA 51,6 por cento, III 22,4 por cento, ISR 20,1 por cento, ISO 4,3 por cento e, IS (=LVA) 1,6 por cento. Com base na dinâmica da infecção, o principal achado recaiu no perfil III, que teve papel fundamental na evolução da infecção, dirigindo-a ora para o pólo imunológico de resistência, perfis ISR (21 casos - 30,8 por cento) e IA (30 casos - 44,1 por cento), ora para o polo imunológico de susceptibilidade, perfil IS (um caso -1,5 por cento); além destes, 16 casos mantiveram o perfil III até o fim do estudo. Concluiu-se que esta abordagem diagnóstica pode ajudar no monitoramento da infecção na área endêmica, visando, principalmente, prevenir a morbidade da LVA, assim como reduzir o tempo e despesas com o tratamento.
This is a prospective study on a cohort of 1099 individuals of both genders, aged 1-84 years (mean 24.4 years), living in an endemic area of American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) in the Municipality of Cametá, Brazil, from May 2006 to September 2008. It aimed to analyze the prevalence and incidence rates of human infection by Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi, as well as the evolutional process of its previously defined clinical and immunological profiles: 1. Asymptomatic infection (AI);2. Symptomatic infection (SI = AVL); 3. Subclinical oligosymptomatic infection (SOI); 4. Subclinical resistant infection (SRI); and 5. Indeterminate initial infection (III). The diagnosis was based on the simultaneous use of indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and delayed hypersensitivity skin test. A total of 304 cases of infection were diagnosed during the period studied(187 for prevalence and 117 for incidence), generating an accumulated prevalence rate of 27.6 percent. The distribution regarding their clinical and immunological profiles presented the following order: AI 51.6 percent; III 22.4 percent; SRI 20.1 percent; SOI4.3 percent; and SI (= AVL) 1.6 percent. Based on the dynamics of the infection, the main discovery was about the III profile, which had an instrumental role in its evolution, directing it either to the resistant immunological pole SRI (21 cases - 30.8 percent) and AI (30 cases - 44.1 percent) profiles or to the susceptible immunological pole SI (1 case - 1.5 percent) profile. In addition, 16 cases remained within the III profile until the end of the study. It was concluded that this diagnostic approach can help monitor the infection in endemic areas, aiming mainly at preventing morbidity caused by AVL, and reducing the treatment time and expenses.
