ABSTRACT
Seed sourcing strategies are the basis for identifying genetic material meeting the requirements of future climatic conditions and social demands. Specifically, local seed sourcing has been extensively promoted, based on the expected adaptation of the populations to local conditions, but there are some limitations for the application. We analyzed Strict-sense local and Wide-sense local (based on climatic similarity) seed sourcing strategies. We determined species and genetic pools based on these strategies for 40 species and deployment zones in Spain. We also obtained the total number of seed sources and stands for these species in the EU countries. We analyzed the richness of the pools, the relationship with variables related to the use of the species in afforestation, and the availability of seed production areas approved for the production of reproductive material destined to be marketed. This study confirms the existence of extensive species and genetic local pools. Also, that the importance of these pools differs for different species, limitations being derived from the use of forest reproductive material and the existence of approved basic materials. Strategies derived from local seed sourcing approaches are the basis for the use of forest reproductive material because a large number of the species in the area considered in the study are under regulation. However, despite the extensive work done to approve basic materials, limitations based on the availability of seed production areas to provide local material for sustainable forestry are found in those species. Considering a Wide-sense local seed sourcing strategy we provide alternative pools in order to meet social demands under the actual regulations on marketing of reproductive materials.
Subject(s)
Forestry , Forests , Seeds/genetics , Acclimatization , Adaptation, PhysiologicalABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Excessive alcohol intake can pose a serious problem in public health. The development of instruments to classify the consumers correctly is the first stage in the epidemiologic investigation. OBJECTIVE: The internal validity and the reliability was evaluated for a test of problematic alcohol consumption (CP-alcohol) in Bucaramanga, Colombia. 2005--2006. This work provides a measure that is internally consistent and improved reliability of diagnostic technology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six hundred one subjects between 18 and 60 years participated in the test for CP-alcohol on two occasions. At the same time, a survey on biological variables (VB), socioeconomic (VSE) and dietary (D) was administered. The internal consistency of CP-alcohol was evaluated by calculating the coefficient alpha of Cronbach, and the reliability with coefficients of Spearman and Cohens Kappa. To evaluate the associations among problematic consumption, VB, VSE, D and the risk of alcoholism, the prevalence ratios were calculated using binomial regression. RESULTS: The frequency of problematic alcohol consumption was of 46.9 (CI 42.9-50.9). Men presented an increased frequency of problematic alcohol use 1.6 times that of women (p<0.001). The coefficient alpha of Cronbach was moderate for all the questions of the test (minimum 0.41, maximum 0.61). In the first application of CP-alcohol, Cronbachs alpha was 0.63, and, in the second, 0.49. Spearmans correlation coefficient was of 0.87 (CI 0.84-0.90) for the population-for men 0.86 (CI 0.82-0.90) and for women 0.86 (CI 0.82-0.90). The Kappas obtained were very good, 0.70 to 0.89. Sex, pleasure provided by alcoholic drinks , risk of alcoholism according to Cut Down on Drinking, Annoyed by Criticism, Guilty Feeling, and Eye Opener (CAGE) and the quantity of consumed alcohol were all correlated with problematic consumption. CONCLUSION: CP-alcohol is a useful test for investigating the epidemiology of health problems associated with alcohol use.
Subject(s)
Alcohol Drinking/epidemiology , Alcoholism , Epidemiologic Research Design , Psychological Tests , Adolescent , Adult , Alcoholism/diagnosis , Alcoholism/epidemiology , Colombia/epidemiology , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Psychological Tests/standards , Psychological Tests/statistics & numerical data , Psychometrics , Public Health , Reproducibility of Results , Statistics, Nonparametric , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
Introducción. Algunas consecuencias del consumo de alcohol son un problema de salud pública. El desarrollo de instrumentos para clasificar correctamente a los consumidores es la primera etapa en la investigación epidemiológica. Objetivo. Evaluar en Bucaramanga, Colombia, la validez interna y la reproducibilidad de una nueva prueba denominada consumo problemático de alcohol, durante el periodo 2005-2006. Materiales y métodos. Estudio de consistencia interna y reproducibilidad de tecnología diagnóstica. Seiscientos un sujetos entre 18 y 60 años respondieron en dos ocasiones la prueba consumo problemático de alcohol y una encuesta sobre variables biológicas, sociodemográficas y de características de la dieta. La consistencia interna de la prueba fue evaluada mediante el cálculo del coeficiente alfa de Cronbach, y la reproducibilidad con los coeficientes de Spearman y kappa. Para evaluar la asociación entre el consumo problemático, las anteriores variables y el riesgo de alcoholismo, se calcularon razones de prevalencia utilizando regresión binomial. Resultados. La prevalencia de consumo problemático para la población estudiada fue de 46,9 por ciento, intervalo de confianza del 95 por ciento de 42,9 a 50,9. Los hombres presentaron consumo problemático 1,63 veces más que las mujeres (p<0,001). El coeficiente alfa de Cronbach fue moderado para todas las preguntas de la prueba de consumo problemático de alcohol (mínimo=0,41, máximo=0,61). En la primera aplicación de la prueba se obtuvo un alfa de Cronbach de 0,63; en la segunda, de 0,49 (p=0,106). El coeficiente de correlación de Spearman fue de 0,87 (0,84 a 0,90) para la población, de 0,86 (0,82 a 0,90) para hombres y 0,86 (0,82 a 0,90) para mujeres. La reproducibilidad según el coeficiente kappa es buena, entre 0,70 y 0,89. El sexo, el gusto manifestado por las bebidas con contenido alcohólico, el riesgo de alcoholismo según la prueba Cut Down on Drinking, Annoyed by Criticism, Guilty Feeling, and Eye Opener (CAGE...
