Implications of GLP-1 Receptor Agonist on Thyroid Function: A Literature Review of Its Effects on Thyroid Volume, Risk of Cancer, Functionality and TSH Levels.

The increasing utilization of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) in managing type 2 diabetes mellitus has raised interest regarding their impact on thyroid function. In fact, while these agents are well known for their efficacy in glycemic control and weight management, their association with thyroid disorders requires clarification due to the complex interplay between thyroid hormones and metabolic pathways. Thyroid dysfunction commonly co-occurs with metabolic conditions such as diabetes and obesity, suggesting a profound interconnection between these systems. This review aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of the interaction between GLP-1 RAs and thyroid dysfunction and to clarify the safety of GLP-1 RAs in diabetic patients with thyroid disorders. By synthesizing existing evidence, this review highlights that, despite various studies exploring this topic, current evidence is inconclusive, with conflicting results. It is important to note that these drugs are relatively recent, and longer-term studies with larger sample sizes are likely needed to draw clearer conclusions. Currently, no existing guidelines provide definitive directions on this clinical issue; however, it is advisable to include thyroid function tests in the routine screening of diabetic patients, particularly those treated with GLP-1 Ras, with the goal of optimizing patient care and management.

Acute hyperbilirubinemia determines an early subclinical renal damage: Evaluation of tubular biomarkers in cholemic nephropathy.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Cholemic nephropathy is a cause of acute kidney injury occurring in patients with jaundice. The aim of this study was to evaluate early renal function impairment in patients with mild acute hyperbilirubinemia in the absence of alterations of the common parameters used in clinical practice (serum creatinine or urea) and with normal renal morphology. We studied urinary biomarkers of tubular damage urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (u-NGAL), urinary beta-2-microglobulin (u-B2M), urinary osteopontin (u-OPN), urinary trefoil factor 3 (u-TFF3) and urinary Cystatin C (u-Cys). METHODS: This is a case-control study investigating the following urinary biomarkers of tubular damage: u-NGAL, u-B2M, u-OPN, u-TFF3 and u-Cys, in patients with mild acute hyperbilirubinemia. Seventy-four patients were included in this study: 36 patients with jaundice and 38 patients without jaundice. RESULTS: Subjects with jaundice (total bilirubin 12.4 ± 7.3 mg/dL) showed higher u-NGAL, u-B2M, u-OPN, u-TFF3 and u-Cys compared with controls. After logistic regression analyses, including the following independent variables: age, estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR), haemoglobin, diabetes, hypertension and jaundice, we observed a higher risk of elevated u-NGAL values (OR = 3.8, 95% CI 1.07-13.5, p = .03) and u-B2M (OR = 9.4, 95% CI 2.3-38.9, p = .0018) in jaundiced subjects. Moreover, urinary biomarkers had a direct correlation with serum cholestasis indexes. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated increased urinary biomarkers of tubular damage (u-NGAL, u-B2M, u-OPN, u-TFF3, and u-Cys) in patients with mild hyperbilirubinemia in comparison with a control group. These findings suggest early renal tubular damage in the absence of alterations of the normal parameters used in clinical practice (eGFR, serum urea and renal morphology).

Malnutrition-Related Liver Steatosis, CONUT Score and Poor Clinical Outcomes in an Internal Medicine Department.

Fatty liver disease has been identified as a marker of malnutrition in different clinical settings. Recently, the COntrolling NUTritional status score (CONUT score) emerged as a promising tool for malnutrition assessment. Our aim was to evaluate short-term outcomes among patients with malnutrition-related liver steatosis in an Internal Medicine department. Furthermore, we evaluated the association of the CONUT score with malnutrition-related liver steatosis. Data from 247 patients hospitalized in an Internal Medicine department were retrospectively collected. The study population was stratified into three groups based on hepatic radiodensity assessed with computed tomography: mild steatosis (≥56.1 HU), moderate steatosis (between 49.7 and 56 HU), and severe steatosis (≤49.6 HU). We then calculated the CONUT score. Severe steatosis patients had higher in-hospital mortality (18.2 vs. 15.5%) and longer in-hospital stays compared with the mild steatosis group (length of in-hospital stay longer than 12 days: 45% vs. 40%). Logistic regression analysis showed that severe steatosis was not significantly associated with in-hospital all-cause death, while a high CONUT score was an independent risk factor for sepsis. We found an independent relationship between malnutrition-associated liver steatosis and the CONUT score. These results identified the CONUT score as a tool for nutritional assessment of hospitalized patients.

The impact of SLCO1B1 rs4149056 on LDL-C target achievement after lipid lowering therapy optimization in men and women with familial hypercholesterolemia.

Background and aims: FH women are less likely to receive intensive statin treatment and to obtain a 50% reduction of LDL-C from baseline compared to men with FH. SLCO1B1 rs4149056 might influence statin therapy compliance and thus LDL-C target achievement. Our aim was to evaluate the impact of SLCO1B1 rs4149056 on LDL-C target achievement after lipid lowering therapy (LLT) optimization in men and women with FH. Methods: This was a retrospective observational study involving 412 FH subjects with a probable or defined clinical diagnosis of FH who had had genetic analysis from June 2016 to September 2022. Biochemical analysis was obtained from all subjects at baseline and at the last follow-up after LLT optimization. Results: After LLT optimization the percentage of FH subjects on high-intensity statins decreased from the M/SLCO1B1- group to the W/SLCO1B1+ group and the same was found in LDL-C target distribution (for both p for trend < 0.01). The prevalence of SASE fear increased from the M/SLCO1B1- group to the W/SLCO1B1+ group and the same was observed in reported myalgia distribution (for both p for trend < 0.01). Logistic regression analysis showed that the W/SCLO1B1-, M/SCLO1B1+ and W/SCLO1B1+ groups were inversely associated with LDL-C target achievement (p for trend < 0.001) and the W/SCLO1B1+ group exhibited the strongest association. Conclusion: A low prevalence of FH women with SLCO1B1 rs4149056 were on high intensity statins and they rarely achieved LDL-C target. The genotype effect of SLCO1B1 rs4149056 could be more pronounced in FH women than men.

Evaluation of high-density lipoprotein-bound long non-coding RNAs in subjects with familial hypercholesterolaemia.

BACKGROUND: Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) could be attractive circulating biomarkers for cardiovascular risk stratification in subjects at high atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk such as familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH). Our aim was to investigate the presence of lncRNAs carried by high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in FH subjects and to evaluate the associations of HDL-lncRNAs with lipoproteins and mechanical vascular impairment assessed by pulse wave velocity (PWV). METHODS: This was a retrospective observational study involving 94 FH subjects on statin treatment. Biochemical assays, HDL purification, lncRNA and PWV analyses were performed in all subjects. RESULTS: LncRNA HIF1A-AS2, LASER and LEXIS were transported by HDL; moreover, HDL-lncRNA LEXIS was associated with Lp(a) plasma levels (p < .01). In a secondary analysis, the study population was stratified into two groups based on the Lp(a) median value. The high-Lp(a) group exhibited a significant increase of PWV compared to the low-Lp(a) group (9.23 ± .61 vs. 7.67 ± .56, p < .01). While HDL-lncRNA HIF1A-AS2 and LASER were similar in the two groups, the high-Lp(a) group exhibited a significant downregulation of HDL-lncRNA LEXIS compared to the low-Lp(a) group (fold change -4.4, p < .0001). Finally, Lp(a) and HDL-lncRNA LEXIS were associated with PWV (for Lp(a) p < .01; for HDL-lncRNA LEXIS p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: LncRNA HIF1A-AS2, LASER and LEXIS were transported by HDL; moreover, significant relationships of HDL-lncRNA LEXIS with Lp(a) levels and PWV were found. Our study suggests that HDL-lncRNA LEXIS may be useful to better identify FH subjects with more pronounced vascular damage.

Cardiovascular risk and renal injury profile in subjects with type 2 diabetes and non-albuminuric diabetic kidney disease.

BACKGROUND: In the last years, the classical pattern of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) has been partially overcome, because of the uncovering of a new DKD phenotype with significant renal dysfunction without presence of albuminuria: the non-albuminuric DKD (NA-DKD). To date, the cardiovascular risk associated with this phenotype is still debated. We investigated the cardiovascular risk and renal injury profile of NA-DKD subjects in comparison with other DKD phenotypes. METHODS: Pulse wave velocity (PWV), intima-media thickness, presence of carotid atherosclerotic plaque, renal resistive index (RRI), and a panel of urinary biomarkers of kidney injury were evaluated in 160 subjects with type 2 diabetes, stratified according to estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR) into four groups: controls (UACR < 30 mg/g and eGFR ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2), A-DKD (Albuminuric-DKD, UACR ≥ 30 mg/g and eGFR ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2), NA-DKD (UACR < 30 mg/g and eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2), AL-DKD (Albuminuric and Low eGFR-DKD; UACR ≥ 30 mg/g and eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2). RESULTS: Subjects with NA-DKD showed a higher PWV (11.83 ± 3.74 m/s vs. 10.24 ± 2.67 m/s, P = 0.045), RRI (0.76 ± 0.11 vs. 0.71 ± 0.09, P = 0.04), and prevalence of carotid atherosclerotic plaque (59% vs. 31%, P = 0.009) compared with controls. These characteristics were similar to those of subjects with AL-DKD, whereas the profile of A-DKD subjects was closer to controls. After multiple regression analyses, we found that RRI, that is in turn influenced by eGFR (ß = - 0.01, P = 0.01), was one of the major determinants of PWV (ß = 9.4, P = 0.02). Urinary TreFoil Factor 3, a marker of tubular damage, was higher in NA-DKD subjects vs. controls (1533.14 ± 878.31 ng/mL vs. 1253.84 ± 682.17 ng/mL, P = 0.047). Furthermore, after multiple regression analyses, we found that urinary osteopontin was independently associated with PWV (ß = 2.6, P = 0.049) and RRI (ß = 0.09, P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Our data showed a worse cardiovascular and renal injury profile in NA-DKD subjects. This finding emphasizes the central role of eGFR in the definition of cardiovascular risk profile of diabetic subjects together with albuminuria.

Update on Diabetic Kidney Disease (DKD): Focus on Non-Albuminuric DKD and Cardiovascular Risk.

The classic description of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) involves progressive stages of glomerular hyperfiltration, microalbuminuria, proteinuria, and a decline in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), leading to dialysis. In recent years, this concept has been increasingly challenged as evidence suggests that DKD presents more heterogeneously. Large studies have revealed that eGFR decline may also occur independently from the development of albuminuria. This concept led to the identification of a new DKD phenotype: non-albuminuric DKD (eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, absence of albuminuria), whose pathogenesis is still unknown. However, various hypotheses have been formulated, the most likely of which is the acute kidney injury-to-chronic kidney disease (CKD) transition, with prevalent tubular, rather than glomerular, damage (typically described in albuminuric DKD). Moreover, it is still debated which phenotype is associated with a higher cardiovascular risk, due to contrasting results available in the literature. Finally, much evidence has accumulated on the various classes of drugs with beneficial effects on DKD; however, there is a lack of studies analyzing the different effects of drugs on the various phenotypes of DKD. For this reason, there are still no specific guidelines for therapy in one phenotype rather than the other, generically referring to diabetic patients with CKD.

Management of Statin Intolerant Patients in the Era of Novel Lipid Lowering Therapies: A Critical Approach in Clinical Practice.

Statins are the cornerstone of lipid-lowering therapies effective for cardiovascular risk reduction. Although they are generally well tolerated, statin intolerance (SI) is frequent in clinical practice, and it is usually related to the onset of muscle symptoms, which are defined under the acronym SAMS (Statin-Associated Muscle Side Effects). These side effects are responsible for statin treatment discontinuation that results in increased cardiovascular risk. The National Lipid Association (NLA) has recently provided an updated definition of statin intolerance, and a distinction between complete and partial statin intolerance has been reported. The evaluation of symptom severity and the presence of muscle damage biomarker alterations make it essential to adopt a patient-centered approach aimed at obtaining a personalized therapeutic strategy. Firstly, it could be useful to administer a different statin, reduce the dosage or adopt an alternate dosage regimen. However, some patients are unable to tolerate any statin at every dosage, or despite taking statins at the maximum tolerated dose, they fail to achieve the recommended LDL-C target, and thus it is necessary to introduce a non-statin hypolipidemic treatment. Ezetimibe, proprotein-convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors such as monoclonal antibodies (alirocumab and evolocumab) or RNA messenger silencing (inclisiran), bempedoic acid or nutraceuticals are non-statin lipid-lowering therapies that could be used as an alternative or in addition to statins to achieve an early and sustained LDL-C reduction in clinical practice. In this review, we evaluated SI management focusing on non-statin lipid lowering therapies and their implications in lipid lowering approaches in clinical practice.

Recurrent aortoduodenal fistula.

Aortoenteric fistula is defined as a communication between the aorta and an adjacent loop of the bowel and is often the cause of devastating upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding with only few survivors. According to the etiology, the aortoenteric fistulas are classified as primary aortoenteric fistula or secondary aortoenteric fistula (SAEF) after previous aortic surgery. The recurrence of a fistula on a previous SAEF is defined as recurrent aortoenteric fistula and is reported only in a few rare cases occurring within an unpredictable period from the previous surgical treatment. We describe a unique case of recurrent aortoenteric fistula, in which the relationship with recurrence consisted of the presence of the metallic clips of a stapled suture to close the duodenal wall during the previous SAEF repair. A review of the published data on this subject was performed to analyze the clinical features, the overall results, the risk factors of recurrence, and the main technical points of surgical treatment to prevent it.

Appendicular tuberculosis: the resurgence of an old disease with difficult diagnosis.

Gastrointestinal tuberculosis (TB) is quite rare, representing only 3% of all extra-pulmonary cases. Blind gut and ileum are the most common gastrointestinal localizations, while appendix involvement is infrequent. Appendix involvement is usually related to symptoms of acute appendicitis since the caseous necrosis may lead to adhesions and surgical complications such as perforation. For this reason patients with suspected appendicular TB usually undergo surgery even without a secure diagnosis. In these cases, due to the absence of specific symptoms and signs, the diagnosis is delayed after surgery, thus resulting in a high percentage of important, and sometimes lethal, complications. Histopathological examination is often the only way to reach a diagnosis and to establish specific antibiotic therapy, while an early diagnosis could avoid surgical treatment. We report a case of appendicular TB not only for its rarity but also to discuss the difficulty in its diagnosis.

Simultaneous laparoendoscopic rendezvous for the treatment of cholecystocholedocholithiasis.

BACKGROUND: Different approaches are available for the treatment of combined cholecystocholedocholithiasis including totally laparoscopic (TL) treatment, simultaneous laparoendoscopic treatment, and sequential treatments (ST) combining endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) with cholecystectomy. This review aimed to clarify the issue of the simultaneous laparoendoscopic rendezvous (RV). METHODS: A careful analysis of papers was performed to determine the results, technical differences, limits, disadvantages, and advantages of RV compared with other options. RESULTS: Data were collected from 27 papers concerning 795 patients. The overall effectiveness of RV was 92.3%. The morbidity rate was 5.1%, and the mortality rate was 0.37%. Almost all the authors were satisfied with the procedure. The authors' comparison to ST and TL showed that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages mostly related to logistical problems. CONCLUSIONS: There is confusion concerning the definitions and techniques of RV due to differences in combining surgical and endoscopic steps of the procedure. The results are at least comparable with those of the other available approaches. The effectiveness of RV is greater with reciprocal implementation of surgical and endoscopic procedures. The morbidity and the risk of iatrogenic damage seem lower than with ERCP-ES and the risk of residual stones lower than with TL treatment. The RV procedure is safe and can sometimes be the preferable option, but collaboration between surgeon and endoscopist is mandatory.

[Complicated duodeno-biliary fistula in bleeding duodenal ulcer: case report an literature review]. / La fistola duodeno-biliare complicata nell'ulcera duodenale sanguinante: caso clinico e revisione della letteratura.

Upper gastrointestinal tract bleedings may represent the first clinical evidence of peptic ulcer and the related surgical emergency is still characterized by a high mortality rate. The presence of multiple complications, rare but possible in case of duodenal ulcer, such as the fistulization in the common bile duct alone or associated to others, can significantly increase the difficulty in the treatment. The Authors report a particularly complex case of a 77 years old male diabetic patient, with chronic bronchopaty, urgently admitted to our department for hematemesis. Soon after his hemodynamic stabilization, the patient was submitted to surgery which showed a duodenal ulcer with penetration/fistulization in the common bile duct associated to a perforation of the gallbladder with intra-hepatic abscess and erosion of the gastro-duodenal artery. Despite unfavourable outcome the case gave us the starting point for a review of the literature primarily related to the rarer biliary complications of duodenal ulcer. Bleeding ulcers today are usually treated by an interdisciplinary approach comprehensive of endoscopy, interventional radiology and, only rarely, surgery. The choice among the available options depends on the clinical presentation of the patient. Despite diagnostic and therapeutic progresses, peptic ulcer may still rarely have a dramatic presentation and be associated to uncommon and difficult anatomical aspects whose diagnosis and treatment may be not easy at all. The knowledge of all the aspects of peptic ulcer pathophysiology is therefore essential for the treatment of these patients.

Laparo-endoscopic "Rendezvous" to treat cholecysto-choledocolithiasis: Effective, safe and simplifies the endoscopist's work.

AIM: To investigate our clinical experience with combined laparo-endoscopic Rendezvous (RV) for the treatment of patients affected by gallstones and common bile duct (CBD) stones and especially to study the never evaluated opinion of the endoscopist concerning the difficulty of the intraoperative endoscopic procedure during the RV in comparison with standard endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP). METHODS: Eighty consecutive patients affected by cholecystolithiasis and diagnosed or suspected CBD stones were treated with a standardized "tailored" RV. The relevant technical features, the feasibility, the effectiveness in stone clearance, the safety but also the simple evaluation of difficulty and agreement of the endoscopist were analyzed with a questionnaire. RESULTS: The feasibility was 97.5% and the effectiveness 100% concerning CBD clearance and solution of coexisting problems at the papilla. Minor morbidity was 3.3%, the operating time was prolonged by a mean of 14 min, the mean hospital stay was 3.8 d and only one stone's recurrence occurred. The endoscopist evaluated the procedure to be simpler than standard ERCP-ES in 81.2% of the cases. CONCLUSION: Simultaneous RV carries high effectiveness and safety at least comparable to those reported for other options. The endoscopist is very often satisfied with this approach because of the minimization of some steps of the endoscopic procedure and avoidance of relevant iatrogenic risk factors. If the mandatory collaboration between surgeons and endoscopists is guaranteed, this approach can often be preferable for the patient, the surgeon, the endoscopist and the hospital.

[Perineo-ano-rectal injuries: clinical experience]. / I traunmi perineo-ano-rettali: esperienza clinica.

Traumatic lesions involving the rectum, perineum and anus are infrequent but difficult to treat, requiring experience with trauma and colo-proctological surgery. The aim of the treatment is to repair the lesions and to minimise the early complications which are the main cause of failure and of late complications and disability. The most complicated lesions present problems concerning either the surgical strategy or the surgical timing, both of which are essential for a successful outcome. The Authors analyse their recent clinical experience with 7 patients with complex traumatic lesions involving the rectum, perineum and anus, excluding those of gynaecological/obstetric origin and those not involving the sphincter. They evaluated the clinical history, causes and types of lesions, as well as treatment, complications and outcomes. Five of the lesions were caused by impalement, one by an explosion and one by a motorboat propeller blade. Six of the patients (85.7%) were treated by direct primary repair and one (14.3%) by secondary repair after a previous colostomy. All 7 patients achieved complete recovery of the lesions. Only two cases (28.6%) of early complications and one case (14.3%) of persistent minimal sphincter dysfunction occurred. On the basis of these good results, the clinical experience and the literature, the Authors suggest that these perineo-ano-rectal lesions, though often complex, may often be cured by early surgery, confining colostomy only to particular cases. In addition to experience with trauma and the timing of colo-proctological surgery, a knowledge of all the available surgical options is mandatory to achieve the best results.

Laparoscopic resection of a large GIST of the stomach: is it preferable in elderly patients? A case report.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST) of the stomach is extremely rare in the elderly. Surgical resection of the stomach by partial gastrectomy or wedge resection is the standard treatment. Today the resection can also be performed laparoscopically, especially in the case of small tumours as well as for larger GIST though there are unclearly defined oncological limits. The authors report the successful treatment of a large 7.5 cm GIST of the stomach by laparoscopic wedge resection in a 78-year-old patient. The GIST was almost entirely located intraperitoneally between the stomach and the spleen and could be radically resected with a minimal touch technique. The patient recovered promptly and manifested no recurrence at a 2-year follow-up. The authors focus on the main factors supporting the indication for laparoscopic resection of large gastric GIST, especially in the elderly. The surgical risk/benefit ratios of the different approaches, the surgeon's skills in laparoscopically respecting the rules of oncological surgery, and informed consent of the patient in relation to the limited scientific evidence concerning the main risk factors of recurrence are all important considerations.

Asymptomatic congenital intrapericardial diaphragmatic hernia and epigastric hernia in the adult.

The congenital intrapericardial hernia is a rare kind of diaphragmatic hernia. It is due to an embryologic defect of the central tendon of the diaphragm, often accompanied by other congenital malformations. This work presents a unique case report in the literature of the congenital association between intrapericardial diaphragmatic hernia and epigastric hernia in an adult woman. In spite of herniation of the colon and omentum the patient was completely asymptomatic, requesting surgery for an epigastric hernia for aesthetic reasons. The defect of the diaphragm was sutured and the abdominal wall was repaired with a prosthetic mesh.

Successful endoscopic repair of an unusual colonic perforation following polypectomy using an endoclip device.

Colonic perforation during endoscopic diagnostic or therapeutic procedures, represents an uncommon occurrence even if, together with haemorrhage, it is still the most common complication of colonoscopy, with an incidence ranging between 0.1% and 2% of all colonoscopic procedures. The ideal treatment in these cases remains elusive as the endoscopist and the surgeon have to make a choice case by case, depending on many factors such as how promptly the rupture is identified, the condition of the patient, the degree of contamination and the evidence of peritoneal irritation. Surgical interventions both laparotomic and laparoscopic, and other medical non-operative solutions are described in the literature. Only three cases have been reported in the literature in which the endoscopic apposition of endoclips was used to repair a colonic perforation during colonoscopy. Ours is the first case that the perforation itself was caused by the improper functioning of a therapeutic device.

Rendezvous technique versus endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography to treat bile duct stones reduces endoscopic time and pancreatic damage.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic procedures on Vater's papilla are related to pancreatic damage with or without pathologic increase of pancreatic enzymes. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with endoscopic sphincterotomy is a standard treatment for common bile duct stones, performed sequentially before or after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The "rendezvous" (RV) procedure combines laparoscopic cholecystectomy, intra-operative cholangiography, and endoscopic bile duct clearance and is an alternative to the sequential treatment. We tried to analyze relevant differences between the two options concerning the main parameters of pancreatic damage. METHODS: Thirty-eight patients treated for biliary stones were divided into two groups of 19 patients depending on the type of treatment (RV vs. ERCP) and were compared for post-procedural amylase and lipase levels; the duration of the endoscopic procedures, effectiveness, and complications were also recorded. RESULTS: A pathologic increase of serum amylase occurred in 15.7% of the RV group and 47.3% of the ERCP group with significant differences regarding amylase levels in the 6- and 66-hour samples (p < 0.003; p < 0.006). The mean duration of endoscopic procedure was significantly shorter in the RV group (17 vs. 26 minutes, p < 0.0001). RV was effective in common bile duct clearance in 100% of cases, while ERCP was effective in only 89.5%. Minor morbidity affected one patient in each group. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report comparing combined laparoendoscopic RV versus ERCP for potential pancreatic damage and showing that RV reduces the number of patients with an iatrogenic pathologic increase of amylase when compared to ERCP, and also significantly reduces the duration of endoscopic procedure.

Isolated injury of the superior mesenteric artery caused by a lap belt in a child.

Isolated vascular injuries are rare in cases of blunt abdominal trauma, and superior mesenteric artery injury is extremely rare but potentially lethal. The incidence of this kind of life-threatening injury has increased in recent years. The diagnosis of these isolated injuries is difficult, and its delay is associated with a higher morbidity and mortality. The authors report on the case of a child with an isolated injury of the superior mesenteric artery caused by a lap belt, during a motor-vehicle crash which was successfully managed. Correct use of all types of restraints is to be recommended. The diagnosis of this rare intraabdominal vascular injury is possible especially when the major signs are evident, but an awareness of this rare possibility is essential for the outcome.

[Pancreatic trauma: a case report]. / Il trauma del pancreas: a proposito di un caso clinico.

Pancreatic trauma is a rare event, accounting for approximately 3% of all blunt abdominal traumas. The related mortality is quite high, around 5-30%, mostly due to the associated haemorrhagic lesions and to the delay in establishing the diagnosis, while pancreatic damage is directly responsible for death in only 5-10% of cases. We report here on a case of severe pancreatic trauma, underestimated initially and treated surgically at a later stage. The literature shows that the main difficulty in cases of pancreatic trauma is still related to failure recognizing the injury or to the frequent delay in diagnosing the condition, above all in haemodynamically unstable patients. In these cases, as in the one treated in this report, the clinical evidence and the priority accorded to the treatment of the shock are factors that tend to limit thorough examination. In haemodynamically stable patients, on the other hand, the multislice CT-scan and MR pancreatography-wirsungography are useful for the diagnosis. The treatment can be either conservative or surgical, depending on the extent of the damage, especially to the Wirsung duct. Surgical treatment with preservation of the entire pancreatic parenchyma, as performed in our case, even if technically demanding, makes it possible to maintain the function of the pancreas, thus reducing the risk of metabolic complications.