[Relationship between the mechanism of erythrocyte sensitization by proteins and the spatial interrelationship between immunoglobulins and their fragments and the surface of formalin treated erythrocytes]. / O mekhanizme sensibilizatsii éritrotsitov belkami v sviazi s prostranstvennymi vzaimootnosheniiami immunoglobulinov i ikh fragmentov s poverkhnost'iu tanizirovannykh éritrotsitov.

The methods of serological analysis have been used to study the immunochemical (antibody and antigenic) properties and hemosensitizing activity of a number of immunoglobulin sensitins: immune serum, its fractions (globulin, 7S, 19s, gamma-globulin), as well as pure antibodies and their F(ab)2-and Fab-fragments. According to the findings obtained in this study, the hemosensitizing activity of sensitins may be classified as immunoglobulin activity and antigenic activity. All sensitins have been found to have both immunoglobulin and antigenic activity, with the exception of Fab-fragments having only antigenic activity. The results of this study and their comparison with the known data on the fine structure and properties of IgG form the basis for drawing up the picture of the possible location of IgG and their fragments on the surface of a tanned erythrocyte.

[Mechanism and means of eliminating induced luminescence in immunofluorescence]. / O mekhanizme i sposobakh éliminatsii nevedennogo svecheniia v immunofliuorestsentsii.

The causes of the appearance of induced fluorescence are discussed. The classification of its different forms is proposed. A hypothesis on the role of cytophilic properties of fluorescent antibodies in the mechanism of induced nonspecific fluorescence is put forward. This hypothesis has been experimentally confirmed in the studies in the field of obtaining the Fab fragments of fluorescent antibodies and their approbation. Conclusion has been made concerning the good prospects and advisability of using the Fab fragments of antibodies as an immunofluorescent reagent; the Fab fragments of pure antibodies may be considered an ideal variant of such a reagent.

[Design of stable immunoglobulin erythrocyte diagnostica. 1. Erythocyte fixation and their sensitization by specific immunoglobulins]. / Konstruirovanie stabil'nykh immunoglobulinovykh éritrotsitarnykh diagnostikumov. Soobshchenie 1. Fiksatsiia éritrotsitov i ikh sensibilizatsiia spetsificheskimi immunoglobulinami.

The work presents the results of developing the method of fixation of erythrocyte constituting the cellular base of immunoglobulin erythrocytic diagnostic preparations and the sensitization of erythrocytes with immunoglobulin preparations of various specificity. Based on Ingraham's method, modified method of erythrocyte stabilization has been developed; it consists in the treatment of 50% cell suspension with 4% formaldehyde solution in the presence of 0.5% sucrose (erythrocyte suspension and formaldehyde solution being in the ratio 1 : 2.5). An economic and highly productive technique of sensitizing erythrocytes with immunoglobulin preparations has been developed. The essence of this technique lies in the interaction between 6% suspension of erythrocytes treated with formalin and tannin and the equal volume of sensitin taken in a working dose. The work also presents the method of synthesizing the bifunctional compound fluoro-borate bis-daizonium complex (obtained from benzidine) and discusses the comparative possibilities of the methods of developing immunoglobulin erythrocytic diagnostic preparations by sensitization of tannin-treated erythrocytes and by chemical conjugation.

[Detection of antibodies to Rickketsia prowazekii by using the antigen neutralization test]. / Vyiavlenie antitel k rikketsiiam Provacheka s pomoshch'iu reaktsii neitralizatsii antigena.

The authors studied a possibility of using the antigen neutralization test with dry immunoglobulin typhus erythrocytic diagnostic agent for the purpose of detection of Rickettsia prowazeki antibodies. Blood sera of 315 healthy persons, 24 patients with sporadic typhus, and 18 laboratory animals immunized with R. sibirica and R. burneti, as well as with Proteus OX19 were examined. The results obtained pointed to the high specificity and sensitivity of the given serological test. A possibility of its use for antibody detection both in the typhus patients and in persons who sustained this infection in the past was demonstrated. In difference from the complement fixation test it permits to study anticomplementary sera.

[Indirect hemagglutination test at the ultrastructural level]. / Issledovanie reaktsii nepriamoi gemaggliutinatsii na urovne ul'trastruktur.

A study on ultra-thin sections was made of the preparations of agglutinate produced during the reaction of the immunoglobulin erythrocytic diagnostic agent with dry corpuscular Rickettsia prowazeki antigen, fluoresceine isothiocyanate labeled, and also SRBC used for the preparation of the diagnostic agent after formalinization, tannin treatment, sensitization with hyperimmune horse serum immunoglobulins and lyophilization, respectively. Formalin and tannin treatment of erythrocytes failed to be reflected on the ultrastructure of their cellular membranes; the treatment with hemosensitin was accompanied by the appearance of spheroid protrusions of the erythrocyte cytoplasmic membrane with the preservation of its three-layer structure. Specific interaction of sensitized erythrocytes with the antigen corpuscles was expressed morphologically in their apposition or connection through a gap of 20--30 nm.

[Fluorescent FAB-fragments of antibodies. Comparative assessment and utilization in immunofluorescent analysis]. / Fluorestsiruiushchie FAB-fragmenty antitel. Sravnitel'naia otsenka i primenenie v immunofluorestsentnom analize.

The authors present the results of a comparative study of the immunofluorescent activity and the specificity of fluorescent Fab-fragments of antibodies to R. prowazeki, D. sibericus, and B. pertussis obtained by the enzymatic hydrolysis of specific immunoglobulins with papain. Fluorescent Fab-fragments of antibodies possessed the same sensitivity and specificity as the homologous fluorescent antibodies, but had an advantage of a much weaker capacity to nonspecific fluorescence and a relatively higher staining properties. Fluorescent Fab-fragments of antibodies, in contrast to the fluorescent antibodies of the same specificity, permitted to detect the antibody searched in the concentrated crude material, and thus increased the possibilities of the immunofluorescent analysis.

[Immunoglobulin FAB-fragments: specific activity and reactogenicity. III. Comparative study of the antigenic properties of anti-encephalitic gamma-globulin and FAB-fragments isolated from it]. / FAB-fragmenty immunoglobulinov: izuchenie spetsificheskoi aktivnosti i reaktogennosti. Soobshchenie III. Sravnitel'noe izuchenie antigennykh svoistv protivontsefalitnogo gamma-globulina i vydelennykh iz nego FAB-fragmentov.

Parenteral administration of antiencephalytic gamma-globulin and of the Fab-fragments, extracted from it, to rabbits stimulated the formation of specific antibodies. The maximal blood serum specific antibody level in rabbits reimmunized with Fab-fragments was much lower than that following the reimmunization of rabbits with gamma-globulin. Antibodies specific to gamma-globulin and Fab-fragments were concentrated in the gamma-globulin fraction of the immune sera and could be referred to the immunoglobulins of G class.

[Fab fragments of immunoglobulins: specific activity and reactivity. II. Comparative study of the anaphylactogenic properties of anti-encephalitic gamma-globulin and Fab-fragments isolated from it]. / Fab-fragmenty immunoglobulinov: izuchenie spetsificheskoi aktivnosti i reaktogennosti. Soobschenie. II. Sravnitelnoe izuchenie anafilaktogennykh svoistv protivoèntsefalitnogo gamma-globulina i vydelennykh iz nego Fab-fragmentov

With the aid of the active anaphylactic reaction a comparative study was carried out of the reactogenic (anaphylactogenic) properties of gamma-globulin against tick-borne encephalitis from horse serum and of Fab-fragments isolated from it by gel-filtration. There proved to be statistically significant differences in the reactogenic properties of the preparations under study on condition of their separate use (reactogenic property of Fab-fragments was four times less than that of gamma-globulin). In case of a combined use of Fab-fragments and gamma-globulin, i.e. administration of the former after the sensitization of experimental animals with the latter, reactogenicity level of the two biopreparations proved to be practically the same.

[FAB immunoglobulin fragments. I. The comparative characteristics of the serological and virus-neutralizing properties of a gamma globulin against tick-borne encephalitis and of the FAB fragments isolated from it]. / FAB-fragmenty immunoglobulinov. Soobshchenie I. Sravnitel'naia kharakteristika serologicheskikh i virusneitraliziruiushchikh svoistv gamma-globulina protiv kleshchevogo éntsefalita i vydelennykh iz nego FAB-fragmentov

A comparative study was made of the serological properties and virus-neutralizing activity of antiencephalitis gamma-globulin and Fab-fragments isolated from it by gel-filtration. Horse immunoglobulins against the autumno-summer tick-borne encephalitis virus could be disintegrated with the aid of papaine to monovalent Fab-fragments which (according to the complement fixation reaction, the test of suppression of the complement fixation, and the HAIT) retained the serological activity whose level was compared with that of the serological activity of gamma-globulin. Fab-fragments possessed a marked virus-neutralizing activity. The mean value of a logarithm of the neutralization index was 2.65 +/- 0.2 for Fab-fragments and 3.74 +/- 0.38 for gamma-globulin (P less than 0.01).

[The complex technology of producing rickettsial diagnostic immunoglobulin preparations and comparative technico-economic indices]. / Kompleksnaia tekhnologiia proizvodstva rikketsioznykh diagnosticheskikh immunoglobulinovykh preparatov i ee sravnitel'nye tekhniko-ékonomicheskie pokazateli

The author elaborated a complex technology of production of a number of rickettsial diagnostic immunoglobulin preparations with a different action spectrum on the basis of a single initial raw material--horse immune serum. Horses immunized and reimmunized according to the original combined scheme served as producers of high-quality immune sera for multi-directed purposes. On the basis of such sera there were prepared dry fluorescent antibodies, immunoglobulin erythrocytic diagnostic agents, diagnostic sera for the complement fixation agglutination, indirect hemagglutination, and immunofluorescent microagglutination tests intended for detection of antigens of rickettsia of the typhus group and of the group of tick spotted fever, and also of specific immunoglobulins. Complex technology had anumber of technico-economic, and organizational advantages over the routine one.

[Production of antirickettsial sera by immunizing horses. II. Obtaining and testing an immune serum to D. sibericus]. / Proizvodstvo antirikketsioznykh syvorotok putem immunizatsii loshadei. Soobshchenie II. Poluchenie i aprobatsiia immunoi syvorotki k D. sibericus

The authors present the results of immunization of horses-producers with a commercial antigen and the yolk culture of the living R. sibericus (strain K1) for the purpose of obtaining specific immune sera for many purposes. It was shown that the original combined scheme of immunization and reimmunization of horses, successfully approved in the preparation of immune sera to Rickettsia prowazeki also proved to be highly effective for obtaining the antisera to R. sibericus. Sera obtained after the primary immunization of horses could be successfully used as diagnostic sera, but they were of no use for the preparation of fluorescent antibodies and the highly active hemosensitin; as to the sera obtained after the remote reimmunization--they were universal raw material. Dry fluorescent antibodies to R. sibericus were prepared of the horse sera (their stain titre was 1 : 256--1 : 512) a highly active hemosensitin, and also dry commercial diagnostic sera for the IHT, CFR and the immunofluorescent reaction of microagglutination.