ABSTRACT
Abstract Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are important pests that affect the fruit-growing worldwide. In the northeastern Brazil, where a semiarid climate predominates and the production of tropical fruits for export is concentrated, some fruit flies, including Anastrepha spp. and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), are considered pests due to economic damage and quarantine restrictions. In several parts of the world, fruit fly population regulation is carried out with the support of hymenopteran parasitoids. In Brazil, some information exists about larval parasitoids of fruit flies, but little is known about pupal parasitoids of these tephritids, especially in Brazilian semiarid environments. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to know the pupal parasitoids associated with C. capitata in a semiarid environment in Brazil. The parasitoid survey was carried out in a semiarid region in the states of Rio do Norte and Ceará. To obtain the parasitoids, pupae (sentinels) of C. capitata from the laboratory, Applied Entomology Laboratory of Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, were exposed to natural parasitism in the field. Six parasitoid (Hymenoptera) species were obtained: Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Rondani), Spalangia simplex Perkins, Spalangia gemina Boucek, Spalangia leiopleura Gibson, and Spalangia impunctata Howard (Pteromalidae); Trichopria anastrephae Lima (Diapriidae). These are the first records of pupal parasitoids associated with the fruit fly C. capitata in Brazil.
ABSTRACT
Pain, weakness, and sensory loss occur frequently in the hypothenar eminence. However, clinical examination is difficult and nonspecific, and the prescribed imaging technique may be inadequate, or images may be misinterpreted. Different imaging modalities have various degrees of usefulness for the diagnosis of painful pathologic conditions of the hypothenar eminence. Radiography, multidetector computed tomography (CT), multidetector CT arthrography, and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the wrist are useful for surveying the anatomy of the hypothenar eminence, the Guyon canal, and the ulnar nerve and artery and for determining the cause of pain or other symptoms. A fracture of the pisiform bone or the hook of the hamate bone, osteoarthritis or osteochondromatosis of the pisotriquetral joint, Guyon canal syndrome, hypothenar hammer syndrome, tendinopathy of the flexor carpi ulnaris, an anomalous muscle, a ganglion cyst, or a tumor may be responsible for ulnar neuropathy. Specific radiographic views, such as the semisupinated oblique view and the lateral view with the hand radially deviated and the thumb abducted, often provide a sufficient basis for the diagnosis of acute fracture of the hook of the hamate or the pisiform bone. Multidetector CT angiography is an efficient method for diagnosing hypothenar hammer syndrome, and multidetector CT arthrography is well suited for evaluation of the pisotriquetral joint. MR imaging is the modality of choice for depiction of the ulnar nerve.
