Identification of genomic regions associated with resistance to gastrointestinal parasites in an indigenous sheep by single- and multiple-locus methods.

We investigated the association between 157 SNPs located in 75 candidate genes involved in the immune system and proxy traits for resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep. A total of 211 lambs from eight flocks were sampled. Nematode eggs per gram were counted and classified as: (i) Strongyles, (ii) Nematodirus spp., (iii) Trichuris spp. and (iv) Marshallagia marshalli. Single- and multiple-locus models were used to test the marker-trait associations. Seven significant SNPs were identified on chromosomes OAR6, 15, 16, and 19. These findings provide insights for breeding nemarode-resistant traits in low-input production systems. General linear model, fixed and random model circulating probability unification, and Bayesian-information and linkage-disequilibrium iteratively nested keyway analyses identified a significant association between the eggs per gram of Strongyles nematodes and a specific variant of the PRLR gene.

Identification of genomic regions associated with total and progressive sperm motility in Italian Holstein bulls.

Sperm motility is directly related to the ability of sperm to move through the female reproductive tract to reach the ovum. Sperm motility is a complex trait that is influenced by environmental and genetic factors and is associated with male fertility, oocyte penetration rate, and reproductive success of cattle. In this study we carried out a GWAS in Italian Holstein bulls to identify candidate regions and genes associated with variations in progressive and total motility (PM and TM, respectively). After quality control, the final data set consisted of 5,960 records from 949 bulls having semen collected in 10 artificial insemination stations and genotyped at 412,737 SNPs (call rate >95%; minor allele frequency >5%). (Co)variance components were estimated using single trait mixed models, and associations between SNPs and phenotypes were assessed using a genomic BLUP approach. Ten windows that explained the greatest percentage of genetic variance were located on Bos taurus autosomes 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 23, and 26 for TM and Bos taurus autosomes 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 16, 23, and 26 for PM. A total of 150 genes for TM and 72 genes for PM were identified within these genomic regions. Gene Ontology enrichment analyses identified significant Gene Ontology terms involved with energy homeostasis, membrane functions, sperm-egg interactions, protection against oxidative stress, olfactory receptors, and immune system. There was significant enrichment of quantitative trait loci for fertility, calving ease, immune response, feed intake, and carcass weight within the candidate windows. These results contribute to understanding the architecture of the genetic control of sperm motility and may aid in the development of strategies to identify subfertile bulls and improve reproductive success.

Allochthonous bioaugmentation in ex situ treatment of crude oil-polluted sediments in the presence of an effective degrading indigenous microbiome.

Oil-polluted sediment bioremediation depends on both physicochemical and biological parameters, but the effect of the latter cannot be evaluated without the optimization of the former. We aimed in optimizing the physicochemical parameters related to biodegradation by applying an ex-situ landfarming set-up combined with biostimulation to oil-polluted sediment, in order to determine the added effect of bioaugmentation by four allochthonous oil-degrading bacterial consortia in relation to the degradation efficiency of the indigenous community. We monitored hydrocarbon degradation, sediment ecotoxicity and hydrolytic activity, bacterial population sizes and bacterial community dynamics, characterizing the dominant taxa through time and at each treatment. We observed no significant differences in total degradation, but increased ecotoxicity between the different treatments receiving both biostimulation and bioaugmentation and the biostimulated-only control. Moreover, the added allochthonous bacteria quickly perished and were rarely detected, their addition inducing minimal shifts in community structure although it altered the distribution of the residual hydrocarbons in two treatments. Therefore, we concluded that biodegradation was mostly performed by the autochthonous populations while bioaugmentation, in contrast to biostimulation, did not enhance the remediation process. Our results indicate that when environmental conditions are optimized, the indigenous microbiome at a polluted site will likely outperform any allochthonous consortium.

Mitochondrial DNA lineages of Italian Giara and Sarcidano horses.

Giara and Sarcidano are 2 of the 15 extant native Italian horse breeds with limited dispersal capability that originated from a larger number of individuals. The 2 breeds live in two distinct isolated locations on the island of Sardinia. To determine the genetic structure and evolutionary history of these 2 Sardinian breeds, the first hypervariable segment of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was sequenced and analyzed in 40 Giara and Sarcidano horses and compared with publicly available mtDNA data from 43 Old World breeds. Four different analyses, including genetic distance, analysis of molecular variance, haplotype sharing, and clustering methods, were used to study the genetic relationships between the Sardinian and other horse breeds. The analyses yielded similar results, and the FST values indicated that a high percentage of the total genetic variation was explained by between-breed differences. Consistent with their distinct phenotypes and geographic isolation, the two Sardinian breeds were shown to consist of 2 distinct gene pools that had no gene flow between them. Giara horses were clearly separated from the other breeds examined and showed traces of ancient separation from horses of other breeds that share the same mitochondrial lineage. On the other hand, the data from the Sarcidano horses fit well with variation among breeds from the Iberian Peninsula and North-West Europe: genetic relationships among Sarcidano and the other breeds are consistent with the documented history of this breed.

The role of cognitive functioning in the outcome of those at clinical high risk for developing psychosis.

Although it is well established that cognitive impairment is a common feature of schizophrenia, only recently has cognitive functioning been prospectively studied in individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) for developing psychosis. To date, both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies have been conducted in the CHR population and in the context of later conversion to psychosis. A comprehensive review of the literature suggests that CHR individuals have general and specific baseline cognitive deficits compared to healthy controls. As a group, their cognitive course, tends to remain stable over time and in this way does not differ from healthy controls. For those who go on to develop a full-blown psychotic illness compared to those who do not convert, there appeared to be minimal differences at baseline with respect to cognition, although over time the converters may show deterioration in certain cognitive abilities compared to the non-converters. However, for many cognitive domains results are mixed, and may result from methodological limitations.

Size and dynamics of mucosal and peripheral IL-17A+ T-cell pools in pediatric age, and their disturbance in celiac disease.

Mucosal interleukin (IL)-17A-producing T cells contribute to protective antimicrobial responses and to epithelial barrier integrity; their role in celiac disease (CD) is debated. We analyzed the frequency and developmental dynamics of mucosal (intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL)) and circulating (peripheral blood (PB)) IL-17A (T17) and/or interferon (IFN)-γ-producing (T1, T1/T17) T-cell populations in 86 pediatric controls and 116 age-matched CD patients upon phorbol myristate acetate/ionomycin or CD3/CD28 stimulation. T17 and T1/17 are physiologically present among IEL and PB populations, and their frequency is selectively and significantly reduced in CD IEL. The physiological age-dependent increase of Th17 IEL is also absent in CD, while IFN-γ-producing PB-T cells significantly accumulate with patient's age. Finally, the amplitude of IL-17A+ and IFN-γ+ T-cell pools are significantly correlated in different individuals; this relationship only applies to CD4+ T cells in controls, while it involves also the CD4- counterpart in CD patients. In conclusion, both size and dynamics of mucosa-associated and circulating IL-17A+ T-cell pools are finely regulated in human pediatric subjects, and severely disturbed in CD. The impaired IL-17A+ IEL-T pool may negatively impact on epithelial barrier efficiency, and contribute to CD mucosa damage; the disturbed dynamics of circulating IL-17A+ and IFN-γ+ T-cell pools may be involved in the extraintestinal autoimmune manifestations associated with CD.

MR in the evaluation of new anterior cruciate ligament and tibial tunnel position: correlation with clinical and functional features.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate correlations between the position of the tibial tunnel, its alignment with the ligament-screw system, presence of intratunnel fluid, position of the tibial tunnel with respect to the Blumensaat line and clinical knee stability in patients who underwent arthroscopic reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), by using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-eight patients (40 men, eight women; mean age, 31 years) underwent arthroscopic reconstruction of the ACL using double-strand semitendinosus and gracilis tendons. The new ACL was fixed to the tibial tunnel using Bio-Intrafix (Mitek). All patients underwent MR imaging 12 months after surgery and clinical evaluation at 6 and 12 months using the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scoring system. MR imaging and clinical features were correlated using the Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables and Fisher's exact test for categorical variables. RESULTS: Forty-one patients were clinically stable (groups A and B according to the IKDC test) and seven were unstable (group C). Mean values of tibial tunnel position in clinically unstable vs stable patients were, respectively, -3.6 ±3.8 mm vs. -2.8±3.8 mm in relation to the Blumensaat line (p=0.5712) and 77.3°±11.3 vs. 72.5°±5.5 as concerned the angle measured on the coronal view of the new ACL (p=0.3248); fluid was present in the tibial tunnel in 42.9% and 9.8% of cases, respectively (p=0.2104). MR imaging showed misalignment of ligament screw and tibial tunnel in 57.1% of patients in group C and in 12.2% in groups A and B (p=0.017). CONCLUSIONS: Misalignment of the ligament-screw system and the tibial tunnel and the presence of fluid in the tibial tunnel appear to be directly correlated with clinical instability.

Autonomic imbalance in celiac children.

AIM: Involvement of many organs and apparatus such as heart, central and peripheral nervous systems have been reported in celiac disease. Autonomic neuropathy has frequently been reported both in untreated and in gluten free diet (GFD) adult patients and, to our knowledge, has never been investigated in celiac children. The aim of the study was to evaluate autonomic function in children with celiac disease. METHODS: Fifteen children with untreated celiac disease were enrolled. Fifteen healthy children served as controls. None of the patients was diabetic. Central or peripheral neurological diseases, were absent. In all participants, at recruitment and after 24 months of GFD, serum anti-tTG and AEA levels, inflammatory markers, IgG, IgM and IgA anti-ganglioside antibodies, were performed. Heart rate variability indexes were employed to evaluate autonomic system balance. RESULTS: Our results indicate that also children with celiac disease may exhibit an imbalance of the neurovegetative system with a prevailing sympathetic tone, persisting on a GFD. All presented symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea or constipation, vomiting, meteorism, regurgitation in whom autonomic dysfunction could be involved, but these symptoms disappeared on gluten free diet. This tend to exclude the prevailing sympathetic tone as a main factor underlying symptoms of celiac disease. CONCLUSION: Children affected by celiac disease exhibit an enhanced sympathetic tone, persisting after 24 months of GFD whereas gastrointestinal and systemic symptoms disappear. The pathogenesis of this phenomenon still remains unclear.

Evaluation of magnetic resonance signal modification induced by hyaluronic acid therapy in chondromalacia patellae: a preliminary study.

Hyaluronic Acid (HA) is an alternative method for the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA), which acts on pain through a double action: anti-inflammatory and synovial fluid (SF) visco-supplementation. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), utilizing specific sequences, is a valid method for studying the initial phase of chondral damage. The analysis of the data, obtained through the intensity of values taken by positioning Region of Interest (ROIs) within the lesion, determining the differences before and after treatment with HA injected into the knee. The results obtained after six months and one year from the injection were statistically different in respect to those taken before, immediately and after three months of treatment. MRI represents a valid tool to evaluate the grade of chondromalacia patellae and also to follow the cartilage modification induced by HA therapy.

Caring for the dying patient.

Patients die but their journey towards death is often camouflaged within a complex model of care that focuses on what is happening to them rather than what is happening with them.

Carnitine deficiency in patients with coeliac disease and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDCM) and coeliac disease (CD) are two pathological conditions which may lead, by different mechanisms, to malabsorption of various micronutrients, including carnitine, active in cardiac metabolism. The aim of the present investigation was primarily to evaluate differences in serum concentrations of total carnitine between IDCM patients and patients with IDCM associated with CD and then also to evaluate, in the latter, the effect of a gluten-free diet on serum concentrations of total carnitine. METHOD AND RESULTS: Serum carnitine was determined by enzymatic spectrophotometric assay in three groups of individuals: group A, 10 patients (5 males, 5 females), mean age 46.5+/-10.8 years, presenting isolated IDCM; group B, 3 patients (2 males, 1 female), mean age 34+/-8 years, with IDCM+CD; and group C, 10 healthy subjects (5 males, 5 females), mean age 38.6+/-11.1 years. All patients with IDCM belonged to class NYHA I-II. Mean concentrations of total serum carnitine in the group of patients with isolated IDCM (group A) were found to be lower than in the controls (group C). The concentrations in patients with IDCM associated with CD (group B) were lower than in the control group and also lower than in the isolated IDCM (group A). After 2 years on a gluten-free diet, patients presenting IDCM associated with CD showed a progressive increase in mean serum carnitine levels compared to values observed prior to the diet. CONCLUSIONS: Patients presenting IDCM associated with CD show a greater decrease in serum total carnitine levels than patients presenting the isolated form of IDCM. A gluten-free diet, in these patients, leads to a progressive increase in serum levels of this substance.

Infliximab heals intestinal inflammatory lesions and restores growth in children with Crohn's disease.

BACKGROUND: Infliximab has recently emerged as an efficacious agent for patients with severe Crohn's disease. There are only few studies on the use of infliximab in children with Crohn's disease: most of them are retrospective and deal only with the clinical response to the drug. AIM: We aimed at assessing the efficacy of infliximab in children and adolescents with severe Crohn's disease recruited consecutively and followed up prospectively at a single centre. Clinical response, intestinal inflammation and growth pattern were evaluated. PATIENTS: Eighteen patients entered into the trial (median age: 13 years, range: 6-18). They were referred because of severe symptoms with unsatisfactory response to conventional drugs. METHODS: All patients received a baseline schedule of three intravenous infusions of infliximab (0, 2 and 6 weeks), 5 mg/kg. Paediatric Crohn's Disease Activity Index, nutritional and activity serum variables, and ileocolonoscopy (with histology) were evaluated before and 8 weeks after beginning the therapy. All patients had long-term administration of azathioprine (2 mg/kg per day). After the baseline schedule, eight patients had a retreatment infusion of infliximab (5 mg/kg) every 8 weeks. Weight and height Z scores were measured before starting the baseline infusion programme and after 6 months. RESULTS: After 8 weeks of therapy, there was a dramatic improvement in Paediatric Crohn's Disease Activity Index, in nutritional and activity blood parameters, as well as in endoscopic and histological scores; 10 patients had a clinical remission (Paediatric Crohn's Disease Activity Index < or = 10), 12 patients had an inflammatory remission (decrease in both endoscopic and histological scores for > or = 50% as compared to baseline values). In all patients corticosteroids were stopped within 4 weeks after beginning infliximab therapy. After 6 months of therapy, Paediatric Crohn's Disease Activity Index was markedly lower than the pre-treatment value; however, it was significantly lower in patients on retreatment than in those who received only three infusions of infliximab. Furthermore, a significant increase in both weight and height Z scores was observed 6 months after beginning of the baseline infusion programme. Moreover, weight and height gain was significantly higher in patients on retreatment rather than in those treated only with three baseline infusions of infliximab. Mild infusion reactions controlled by slowing infusion rate were observed in four patients. No delayed hypersensitivity-like reactions were seen. CONCLUSIONS: In children with severe Crohn's disease, infliximab is a safe and valuable treatment in inducing remission, in healing inflammatory lesions of the gut, as documented by endoscopy and histology, and in promoting growth. Retreatment infusions of infliximab may be suggested in childhood-onset Crohn's disease to maintain remission and reverse growth failure.

Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy associated with coeliac disease: the effect of a gluten-free diet on cardiac performance.

An increased incidence of coeliac disease has recently been reported in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. This report deals with three patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and coeliac disease who underwent clinical and laboratory evaluation to establish the effect of a gluten-free diet on cardiac performance. Two patients observed the gluten-free diet regimen very strictly, and, after a 28-month follow-up period, showed an improvement in echocardiographic parameters as well as in cardiological features and quality of life, as evaluated by the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure questionnaire and the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale questionnaire. The third patient did not observe the gluten-free diet and presented a worsening in the echocardiographic parameters and cardiological symptoms which required supplementary drug therapy. These preliminary data appear to suggest that the gluten-free diet may have a beneficial effect on cardiac performance in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.

Bispectral index monitoring in unconscious palliative care patients.

This pilot study looks at the clinical application of bispectral index (BIS) monitoring within the palliative care situation. Using this instrument, the level of awareness in 12 patients was tracked from the onset of unconsciousness until death, and the levels were then related to the patients' clinical state and treatment. The results give a surprising insight into the nature of unconsciousness in dying patients and the effects of treatment. The monitor proved to be a simple, effective, and acceptable method of assessing awareness in palliative care patients. A few minor problems were encountered in adapting it to the palliative care situation, but most of these were overcome as we became more familiar with the instrument. The study suggests that BIS could contribute significantly to patient care and lead to a better understanding of the dying process.

Allergy and childhood epilepsy: a close relationship?

OBJECTIVES: The possibility that certain foods or allergens may induce convulsions has already been reported in the literature. None of the relevant studies has, however, shown a close correlation between allergy and epilepsy, most reports being anecdotal and open to various causal hypotheses. The case-control study reported here was undertaken to test the hypothesis that epilepsy is linked to allergy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Seventy-two epileptic children and a group of 202 controls in the same age bracket were investigated for allergy together with their immediate families. RESULTS: The study revealed significantly higher rates of eczema in the mothers and rhinitis in the siblings of the patients studied as well as generally higher incidence of allergic pathologies in both of these groups with respect to the relevant controls. A significantly higher incidence of allergy to cow's milk and asthma was also documented in the epileptic children with respect to the control group. Prick tests gave a significantly higher rate of positive results for cow's milk proteins in the cases examined with respect to the controls. The total serum IgE of a random sample of cases and controls showed no difference in mean values. CONCLUSION: The study appears to bear out the hypothesis of a higher incidence of allergy in the children with epilepsy and their immediate families than in the controls and their families.

Using complete breastfeeding and lactational amenorrhoea as birth spacing methods.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of lactational amenorrhoea and to determine the relationship between extended breastfeeding and the return of fertility. Breastfeeding pattern, basal body temperature, cervical mucus, salivary ferning, vaginal blood discharge, frequency of sexual intercourse, and the presence of ovulation in the first cycle after the resumption of menses with ultrasonography were evaluated in 40 women. All subjects completed the study with only one case of incomplete breastfeeding. No pregnancies were observed. The mean number of feeding sessions and mean interval between sessions decreased significantly (p <0.01) during the first six months postpartum (7.5 +/- 1.3 after 60 days postpartum vs. 5.7 +/- 2.1 after 180 days, and 3.6 +/- 0.8 vs. 5.1 +/- 0.9, respectively). Eight women (20%) menstruated before weaning, but none had an adequate thermal shift, while 32 (80%) had their first vaginal bleeding after weaning with 12 (37.5%) registering an adequate thermal shift. Both basal body temperature and salivary ferning proved to be suggestive of ovarian activity, while mucus characteristics were not reliable in identifying fertile periods. Our study showed that breastfeeding associated with lactational amenorrhoea proved to be a good method of postpartum fertility control. Since the importance of supplementation is still debated, it is recommended that a "complete" breastfeeding program be used.