The role of transperineal ultrasonography for perinatal management: A review.

BACKGROUND: Transperineal ultrasound (TPUS) has become an increasingly popular tool in obstetrics due to its objective, non-invasive, and real-time imaging capabilities. AIM: This review aims to describe the basic approaches, current utilization, and potential future applications of TPUS. MATERIALS & METHOD: A comprehensive literature review on TPUS was conducted. In addition, discussions at academic meetings and congress focused on TPUS were also considered. RESULTS: TPUS was initially used in prostate biopsies and is currently applied to evaluating fetal head descent in labor, with the angle of progression being the most widely used parameter. It is more tolerated than conventional invasive or expensive methods, such as digital vaginal examinations or MRIs. Additionally, TPUS can assess the internal rotation of the fetal head in the birth canal. DISCUSSION: Compared to other imaging modalities like MRI and CT scans, TPUS is easier to perform and more cost-effective. It also provides real-time imaging, allowing for quick and accurate assessments. It also help clinicians make critical decisions regarding the mode of delivery and identify patients at high risk for fecal incontinence postpartum. With its many benefits, TPUS has the potential to become a standard tool in urogynecology and obstetrics. CONCLUSIONS: Transperineal ultrasound is a non-invasive imaging modality that is well-tolerated and easy to understand for patients and their family and help medical staff support the patients. Transperineal ultrasound can be applied in real-time monitoring of labor progress, helping predict the possibility of vaginal delivery during labor, and further research in this area is warranted.

Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae): What Relationships with and Morpho-Physiological Effects on the Plants It Develops on?

Although many crops have developed several adaptation mechanisms that allow them to defend against limiting factors, some biotic and abiotic stresses may cause reversible or irreversible changes in plants. Among the biotic stresses, the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is probably one of the main important pests that negatively affect several vegetable crops that are grown in greenhouses. The present study evaluated its impact on the morphology and physiology of two solanaceous plants, i.e., tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and eggplant (S. melongena L.), under laboratory conditions. The results showed that, for tomatoes, plant height, shoot dry weight, leaf area, and indirect chlorophyll content were strongly reduced in infested plants, compared to the uninfested control, by 39.36%, 32.37%, 61.01%, and 37.85%, respectively. The same has been shown for eggplant, although the reduction percentages of plant height, root dry weight, and indirect chlorophyll content were less marked (i.e., 16.15%, 31.65%, and 11.39%, respectively). These results could represent interesting information for a better understanding of the B. tabaci influence on plant growth, as well as for the development of management strategies to successfully control its infestations in a cropping system.

Polyphenols: Plant Sources and Food Industry Applications.

BACKGROUND: Numerous epidemiological studies have demonstrated the association between (poly)phenol-rich foods and human health. Growing consumer knowledge of the relationship between diet, good health and disease prevention stimulated manufacturing opportunities. Functional foods and their synergistic health benefits, beyond just being a source of individual nutrients, are highly demanded by consumers. OBJECTIVE: Therefore, the aim of this study was to review available literature focusing on the nutraceutical role of (poly)phenols, and role in functional foods production, with a specific focus on (poly)phenols derived from byproducts. RESULTS: The review of the literature showed that antioxidant extracted from residual sources could prevent lipid peroxidation and protect against oxidative damage by scavenging oxygen radicals, and therefore contribute to the longer stability of foods, be used for increasing the stability of foods. These effects may also translate to humans, improving the effects on health of certain foods. CONCLUSION: However, careful monitoring of production is needed in order to maximize the (poly)phenol content of plant foods.

Fatty Acid Profile of Neutral and Polar Lipid Fraction of Wild Eggs and Hatchlings from Wild and Captive Reared Broodstock of Octopus vulgaris.

The culture of Octopus vulgaris is constrained by unsolved problems in paralarvae rearing, mainly associated to the unknown nutritional requirements of this species in early stages. In this article we studied the fatty acid profile (total, neutral, and polar lipid fractions) in wild eggs and wild hatchlings, collected in Gran Canaria (SW) (Spain) with artificial dens, in comparison to hatchlings obtained in captivity from broodstock fed on trash fish species. Total lipids were 11.5-13.5% dw, with the polar fraction representing a 70.6-75.5% of total lipid, with lower values in wild hatchling in comparison with captive ones. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was the main component in neutral and polar fatty acid profile in all samples, underlying its importance in this species. Decreasing levels of saturates and arachidonic acid (ARA) from wild eggs to hatchlings, mainly associated to the polar fraction, suggest their use during embryonic development. In hatchlings, increasing levels of oleic acid in the neutral fraction and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in the polar fraction, suggests their importance in hatchlings quality. Wild hatchlings showed in the polar fraction higher oleic acid and ARA, and lower DHA/ARA and EPA/ARA ratios in comparison with captive hatchlings, suggesting a difference in paralarvae nutritional status. These results suggest the importance of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA), oleic acid, and ARA, presented in the adequate lipid fraction, in the diet of broodstock and paralarvae of O. vulgaris.

Intrapartum sonographic signs: new diagnostic tools in malposition and malrotation.

In the past years, numerous studies have been published on the use of ultrasound during labor, showing this is an effective, accurate and objective tool for the assessment of the fetal head position and station. Literature affirmed that traditional transvaginal digital examination is highly subjective and dependent on the operator's experience. On the contrary, the use of intrapartum suprapubic transabdominal ultrasound can improve accuracy in determination of fetal head position and the precise knowledge of the location of specific fetal head landmarks in relationship to maternal pelvis. Intrapartum ultrasound will assist obstetricians in the diagnosis of normal labor progression, suggesting when medical and or operative intervention should be taken in case of complications. During each fetal head movement, there is a very specific relationship between fetal head landmarks and well-identified maternal structures, so the ultrasound diagnosis is performed step by step. In this review, we summarized the clinical situation of the fetal head in the pelvis and the relative ultrasonographic signs. Moreover, we collected all the ultrasonographic measures to diagnose the fetal head progression and rotations in the birth canal.

Asynclitism: a literature review of an often forgotten clinical condition.

Asynclitism is defined as the "oblique malpresentation of the fetal head in labor". Asynclitism is a clinical diagnosis that may be difficult to make; it may be found during vaginal examination. It is significant because it may cause failure of progress operative or cesarean delivery. We reviewed all literature for asynclitism by performing an extensive electronic search of studies from 1959 to 2013. All studies were first reviewed by a single author and discussed with co-authors. The following studies were identified: 8 book chapters, 14 studies on asynclitism alone and 10 papers on both fetal occiput posterior position and asynclitism. The fetal head in a laboring patient may be associated with some degree of asynclitism; this is seen as usual way of the fetal head to adjust to maternal pelvic diameters. However, marked asynclitism is often detected in presence of a co-existing fetal head malposition, especially the transverse and occipital posterior positions. Digital diagnosis of asynclitism is enhanced by intrapartum ultrasound with transabdominal or transperineal approach. The accurate diagnosis of asynclitism, in an objective way, may provide a better assessment of the fetal head position that will help in the correct application of vacuum and forceps, allowing the prevention of unnecessary cesarean deliveries.

Comparison of carbon balance in Mediterranean pilot constructed wetlands vegetated with different C4 plant species.

This study investigates carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) emissions and carbon (C) budgets in a horizontal subsurface flow pilot-plant constructed wetland (CW) with beds vegetated with Cyperus papyrus L., Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty, and Mischantus × giganteus Greef et Deu in the Mediterranean basin (Sicily) during the 1st year of plant growing season. At the end of the vegetative season, M. giganteus showed the higher biomass accumulation (7.4 kg m(-2)) followed by C. zizanioides (5.3 kg m(-2)) and C. papyrus (1.8 kg m(-2)). Significantly higher emissions of CO2 were detected in the summer, while CH4 emissions were maximum during spring. Cumulative CO2 emissions by C. papyrus and C. zizanioides during the monitoring period showed similar trends with final values of about 775 and 1,074 g m(-2), respectively, whereas M. giganteus emitted 3,395 g m(-2). Cumulative CH4 bed emission showed different trends for the three C4 plant species in which total gas release during the study period was for C. papyrus 12.0 g m(-2) and ten times higher for M. giganteus, while C. zizanioides bed showed the greatest CH4 cumulative emission with 240.3 g m(-2). The wastewater organic carbon abatement determined different C flux in the atmosphere. Gas fluxes were influenced both by plant species and monitored months with an average C-emitted-to-C-removed ratio for C. zizanioides, C. papyrus, and M. giganteus of 0.3, 0.5, and 0.9, respectively. The growing season C balances were positive for all vegetated beds with the highest C sequestered in the bed with M. giganteus (4.26 kg m(-2)) followed by C. zizanioides (3.78 kg m(-2)) and C. papyrus (1.89 kg m(-2)). To our knowledge, this is the first paper that presents preliminary results on CO2 and CH4 emissions from CWs vegetated with C4 plant species in Mediterranean basin during vegetative growth.

The surgical outcome of intracapsular cesarean myomectomy. A match control study.

Authors evaluated the outcome of intracapsular cesarean myomectomy by a prospective case-control study on 68 patients who underwent intracapsular cesarean myomectomy, compared with a control group of 72 patients with myomatosic pregnant uterus who underwent cesarean section (CS) without myomectomy. Mostly of removed myomas were subserous or intramural, fundal in 37 women (54.4%), corporal in 22 (32.3%) and peri-low uterine segment in 9 women (18.7%). The average myoma' size was 8 cm (1.5-20), in 40 women, with 8 myomas measuring 4-6 cm, 14 myomas between 10 and 12 cm and >13 cm in 6 patients. Difference in blood tests and surgical outcome in intracapsular cesarean myomectomy was non significant (p > 0.05). The average duration of hospitalization of intracapsular cesarean myomectomies was 5 days. There was no correlation between complications or duration of hospital stay and patient age, gravidity, parity or indication for CS. The intracapsular cesarean myomectomy could be a reliable, feasible and safe obstetric procedure. Meticulous attention to gentle hemostasis, sharp pseudocapsule dissection, adequate approximation of the myometrium edges and all dead spaces to prevent hematoma formation, can further increase the safety of the procedure, without significant complications by experienced obstetricians.