Assessment of the Penetration of an Endodontic Sealer into Dentinal Tubules with Three Different Compaction Techniques Using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy.

Adequate root canal sealing is essential for the success of endodontic treatment. There are numerous techniques available; identifying simple and efficient techniques is important to provide good patient care. The purpose of the study was to compare the maximum penetration depth and the percentage of sealant penetration of an endodontic sealer into dentine tubules using cold lateral condensation, continuous wave, and hybrid techniques, and to contrast the effectiveness of two different tapered gutta-percha master cones (0.02 and 0.04). A sample of sixty single root teeth was used. Six experimental groups were formed from the three filling techniques and the two tapered master cones. Images were acquired using a confocal laser scanning microscope. In the apical root third, the penetration percentage was higher in the hybrid compared with the continuous wave technique. The results indicated a higher penetration depth of hybrid compared with cold lateral condensation in the middle and coronal thirds, and in the apical third, a higher penetration was identified in the hybrid group compared with the continuous wave group. No significant differences in penetration were found comparing 0.02 with 0.04 taper gutta-percha groups. The coronal cross-sections presented a higher penetration than the apical third sections. In conclusion, the hybrid technique a had higher maximum sealer penetration than the continuous wave in the apical third, and the coronal third hybrid and continuous wave had a higher penetration than cold lateral condensation.

Complications Arising from Dental Trauma Incurred from Falls Involving Geriatric Patients: A Case Report.

Elderly patients have a high incidence of falls that result in facial injuries. Many cases present with dental crown fractures and soft-tissue lacerations. The initial diagnosis is especially important in this type of dental trauma, since an initial error can result in the failure to establish the correct treatment from the very beginning, worsening the prognosis, which, in the worst case, can compromise the teeth affected by the trauma. Case report: We present the case of a patient, a 79-year-old woman, who suffered an accidental fall. The patient was examined by a dentist in the emergency room. She was diagnosed with a simple crown fracture of the right upper central incisor and right upper lateral incisor without any pulpal involvement and with laceration of the lower lip. Months later, she had an episode of inflammation in the lower lip, and she developed edema and pain. An X-ray of the lower lip revealed a radiopaque mass compatible with a fragment of dental tissue due to the inclusion of remnants of the dental tissue resulting from the previous accident fall. Conclusions: The population of geriatric patients is steadily increasing in our society, and a higher frequency of falls has been observed in this age group, affecting the maxillofacial region, with consequent dental trauma on many occasions. Therefore, as professionals, we must pay special attention to the prevention and treatment of this problem, insisting on the importance of routine investigation in the emergency visit for dental trauma, which includes a meticulous examination of the soft tissues accompanied by a radiographic examination, when the inclusion of foreign bodies is suspected.

Cross-Sectional Study on Oral Health-Related Quality of Life Using OHIP-14 in Migrants Children in Melilla (Spain).

Quality of life is a parameter that not only evaluates clinical parameters, but also refers to the perception of the individual in his or her sociocultural context. It also refers to psychosocial aspects that have a very important impact on people's lives. Oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) must also be considered when assessing oral health in any population for which an oral health program is to be developed. On this premise, and taking into account the precarious situation of refugee children housed in the Temporary Center for Migrants (CETI) in Melilla (Spain), a study was conducted to assess the oral health and OHRQoL of the children housed in the aforementioned facility. For this purpose, the 120 children in care at the time of the study underwent a basic epidemiological examination according to the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO), and their OHRQoL was assessed using the specific OHIP-14 questionnaire. The results show a state of oral health with a high caries prevalence (95%), high DMFT, and dft indices for the studied population. The oral health-related quality of life perceived by these children shows that pain and psychological discomfort are the areas rated worst by them. Thus, it is concluded that it is important to implement specific oral health programs for this population, based on caries prevention and pain management, which must also take into account the psychological and sociocultural aspects that have accompanied their lives.

Epidemiological Study of Oral Health among Children and Adolescent Schoolchildren in Melilla (Spain).

Dental epidemiological studies are essential for analysing and evaluating the population's health state and dental treatments provided, as well as for planning future oral health programme activities and interventions based on their findings. In order to determine the health condition of children and adolescents in connection to the prevalence of caries, caries indices (decayed and filled teeth (dft) for primary teeth and decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) in permanent teeth) and periodontal indices (community periodontal index (CPI)), oral exams of children and adolescents aged 6, 12 and 15 from selected schools were conducted. To assess the achievement of the oral health objectives set for Spain in 2020, these data were compared with those acquired at the national level. At 6 years of age, 278 children were examined, the prevalence of caries was 55.6%, the dft index was 2.77 (±3.44), the DMFT was 0.19 (±0.16), the restorative index (RI) was 4.62%, and the significant caries (SiC) index was 8.40 (±2.07). At 12 years of age, 208 students were examined, the prevalence of caries found was 65.86%, the DMFT index was 1.85 (±2.22), the RI was 36.63%, the SiC index was 5.43 (±2.07), and children without the presence of periodontal pathology was 59.13%. At 15 years of age, 165 students were examined, the prevalence of caries was 70.06%, the DMFT was 3.08 (±3.39), the RI was 42.42%, the SiC index was 8.10 (±2.55), and adolescents without periodontal disease was 47.90%. Conclusions: Melilla-born children and adolescents had higher caries indicators and indices than the corresponding national averages for Spain. Teenagers under the age of 15 have a particularly high frequency of dental caries. The investigation of the children's origin is where there is the most disparity. Children of Berber descent have much higher values than children of European heritage.

Relationships between dental fluorosis and fluoride concentrations in bottled water and groundwater in low-income children in Mexico.

Introduction: The aim of the current study was to investigate associations between dental fluorosis in children living in low socioeconomic areas in Mexico, and fluoride concentrations in tap water, fluoride concentrations and in bottled water, and body mass index (BMI). Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 585 schoolchildren aged 8-12 years was conducted in communities in a southern state of Mexico with >0.7 parts per million (ppm) fluoride in the groundwater. The Thylstrup and Fejerskov index (TFI) was used to evaluate dental fluorosis, and the World Health Organization growth standards were used to calculate age-adjusted and sex-adjusted BMI Z-scores. A BMI Z-score ≤ -1 SD was used as the cut-off point for thinness, and multiple logistic regression models for dental fluorosis (TFI ≥ 4) were constructed. Results: The mean fluoride concentration in tap water was 1.39 ppm (SD 0.66), and the mean fluoride concentration in bottled water was 0.32 ppm (SD 0.23). Eighty-four children (14.39%) had a BMI Z-score ≤ -1 SD. More than half (56.1%) of the children presented with dental fluorosis in TFI categories ≥ 4. Children living in areas with higher fluoride concentrations in the tap water [odds ratio (OR) 1.57, p = 0.002] and bottled water (OR 3.03, p < .001) were more likely to have dental fluorosis in the severe categories (TFI ≥ 4). BMI Z-score was associated with the probability of dental fluorosis (TFI ≥ 4; OR 2.11, p < 0.001), and the effect size was 29.3%. Discussion: A low BMI Z-score was associated with a higher prevalence of dental fluorosis in the severe category. Awareness of the fluoride concentrations in bottled water may help prevent dental fluorosis, particularly in children exposed to several high fluoride content sources. Children with a low BMI may be more vulnerable to dental fluorosis.

Dimensional Stability of a Preliminary Vinyl Polysiloxane Impression Material.

Oral rehabilitation success depends upon the accuracy and dimensional stability of the impressions. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the dimensional changes of a first impression type VPS (Vinyl Polysiloxane) (Imprint™ 4 Preliminary Penta™ Super Quick, 3M ESPE™, St Paul, MN, USA). 10 samples were obtained from this silicone with an automatic mixing machine (Pentamix 2, 3M ESPE™, Seefeld, Germany) according to International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 4823:2000 and stored in the IPQ (Portuguese Institute for Quality) for one week. The measurements were performed by laser interferometry, according to the Michelson technique. The dimensional stability was calculated according to the formula specified in ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 4823:2000. A statistical analysis via a one-way repeated measures ANOVA was performed. The material shrinkage was 0.29 ± 0.15% after setting, 0.32 ± 0.21% at 24 h and 0.30 ± 0.23% after 1 week. No significant shrinkage of the silicone under investigation was found over time. This material can be stored for a week without the risk of clinically significant dimensional changes.

Dimensional stability of two impression materials after a 6-month storage period.

Objective: Oral rehabilitation success is enhanced by an accurate and reproducible final impression. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the dimensional changes of a polyether and addition silicone subjected to disinfection and/or sterilization after a long storage period. Material and methods: Ninety samples were obtained from polyether ImpregumTM PentaTM (3M ESPETM, Seefeld, Germany) and 90 of addition silicone ImprintTM 4 PentaTM Putty (3M ESPETM, Seefeld, Germany) according to ISO 4823:2000. The samples of each material were split to form three groups with 30 samples each: a control group, a hypochlorite group (disinfection) and an autoclave group (sterilization). Samples were stored in the Portuguese Institute for Quality for six months at 23 °C. Samples were measured by laser interferometry, according to the Michelson technique before calculating dimensional stability according ISO 4823:2000. A statistical analysis via a three-way mixed ANOVA was performed. Results: Significant shrinkage of ImpregumTM PentaTM was 0.77 ± 0.17% in the control group, 0.42 ± 0.19% in the hypochlorite group and 0.52 ± 0.28% in the autoclave group. For ImprintTM 4 PentaTM Putty, the control group had a shrinkage of 0.42 ± 0.12%, the hypochlorite group 0.36 ± 0.09% and the autoclave group 0.59 ± 0.13%. Conclusions: The long-term storage of samples subjected to disinfection with 5.25% hypochlorite or autoclave sterilization can be used in a clinical setting as the dimensional changes are below the maximum permitted by the ISO 4823:2000, since there are no clinically significant changes in the dimension of the samples during the storage period.

In vitro antimicrobial effects of 3 root canal sealers on Actinomyces radicidentis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the in vitro antimicrobial effects of 3 endodontic sealers--AH Plus, Sealapex, and Tubli-Seal--on Actinomyces radicidentis, a bacterial species commonly found in root canals. METHODS: Prior to the experimental procedures, bacterial identification tests, such as Gram staining, catalase, and API 20A, were performed, and the bacteria were identified as A. radicidentis. The agar diffusion susceptibility test was performed to determine the areas of bacterial growth inhibition and, consequently, the microbial resistance of the 3 sealers against A. radicidentis. Chlorhexidine was used as a positive control, and saline solution was used as a negative control. RESULTS: Tubli-Seal cement had an average diameter of inhibition zones in the 3 panels of 22.73 mm, that of AH Plus was 17.13 mm, and that of Sealapex, 11.99 mm. A one-way ANOVA test showed that there were significant differences between the 3 cements (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Tubli-Seal showed the highest levels of antimicrobial activity, which was followed by AH Plus with the next highest levels and, finally, Sealapex with the lowest levels of antimicrobial activity.

Estudio comparativo in vitro de la filtración apical de tres sistemas de obturación radicular / An in vitro comparative study of apical infiltration of three radicular obturation systems

Objetivo: El propósito de este trabajo fue medir y comparar in vitro la microinfiltración apical del colorante de nitrato de plata en conductos radiculares obturados con tres sistemas diferentes: gutapercha normalizada/ AHPlus (GN/AHP); gutapercha de conicidad aumentda /AHPlues (GCA/AHP) y Resilon/Epiphany (R/E). Material y Métodos: Se utilizaron 40 raíces de dientes humanos extraídos. Las raíces se dividieron aleatoriamente en tres grupos experimentales y dos grupos de control. Los conductos fueron preparados biomecánicamente y obturados mediante la técnica de condensación lateral en frío con los 3 sistemas a estudio. Después de estar en una estufa durante 7 días (37ªC, 100% humedad), los especímenes fueron inmersos en nitrato de plata al 50% y sus cortes transversales de 1mm. De grosor, fueron observados a 40x aumentos. Resultados: El grupo I (GN/AHP) infiltró una media de 3mm; el grupo II (GCA/AHP) 2,3 mm y el grupo III (R/E) 2,1 mm. El estudio estadístico basado en el test de Anova indica que no hubo diferencias significativas en la infiltración apical entre los 3 sistemas estudiados (AU)

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compárate in vitro the apical microleakage of the silver nitrate colorant in root canal with three different obturation systems; Standardized gutta-percha/(AYPlus (SG/AHP); great taper gutta-percha/AHPlus (GTG/AHP) and Resilon/Epiphany (R/E). Materials and Methods: forty roots of extracted teeth were selected. The roots were randomly divided into three experimental groups and two control groups. The root canals were biomechanical prepared and filled with cold lateral condensation with the three study obturation systems. After seven days in an oven (37ºC, 100% humidity), the roots were immersed in 50% silver nitrate, and the transversal cross-section at 1mm, were observed at 40x magnification. Results: Group I (SG/AHP) leakage a mean value of 3mm; group II (GTG/AHP) 2,3 mm, and group III (R/E) 2,1 mm, Styatistic study Based on Anova test, there were no significative difference. Conclusions: R/E was the system with less apical leakage and SG/AHP obtained the higher value. There was no statiscally significant difference in apical leakage among the three obturation systems (AU)