ABSTRACT
Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) is a heterogeneous genetic disorder characterized by bone fragility and fracture. Mutations in 20 distinct genes can cause OI, and therefore, the genetic diagnosis of OI is frequently difficult to obtain because of the great number of genes that can be related with this disease. Studies that report the most frequently mutated genes in OI patients can help to improve molecular strategies for diagnosis of the disease. In order to characterize the mutation profile of OI in Brazilian patients, we analyzed 30 unrelated patients through SSCP screening, NGS gene panel, and/or Sanger sequencing for the 11 most frequently mutated genes in the database of mutations, including COL1A1, COL1A2, P3H1, CRTAP, PPIB, SERPINH1, SERPINF1, FKBP10, SP7, WNT1 and IFITM5. Disease-causing variants were identified in COL1A1, COL1A2, FKBP10, P3H1, and IFITM5. A total of 28 distinct mutations were identified, including seven novel changes. Our data show that the analysis of these five genes is able to detect at least 95% of causative mutations in OI disorder from Brazilian population. However, it has to be taken into considerations that distinct populations can have different frequencies of disease-causing variants. Hence, it is important to replicate this study in other groups.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HC) is the most frequent cardiac hereditary disease, caused by mutations in sarcomere protein coding genes. Although more than 430 mutations have been identified in several continents and countries, there have been no reports of mutations in Brazil. OBJECTIVE: To carry out a genetic study to identify genetic mutations that cause HC in a group of patients in Espirito Santo, Brazil. METHODS: Using the SSCP technique, 12 exons from the three main genes involved in HC were studied: exons 15, 20, 21, 22 and 23 of the beta-myosin heavy chain gene (MYH7), exons 7, 16, 18, 22 and 24 of the myosin binding protein C gene (MYBPC3) and exons 8 and 9 of troponin T gene (TNNT2). RESULTS: 16 alterations were found, including two mutations, one of them possibly pathogenic in the MYBPC3 gene (p. Glu441Lys) and another pathogenic one, previously described in the TNNT2 gene (p.Arg92Trp), 8 rare sequence variations and 6 sequence variations with allelic frequency higher than 1% (polymorphisms). CONCLUSION: These data allow the conclusion that the genotyping of patients is feasible in our country. It is possible that the isolated p.Glu441Lys variant identified in exon 16 of the MYBPC3 gene is pathogenic, promoting a milder phenotype than that found when in association with other mutations. The p.Arg92Trp variant in the exon 9 of TNNT2 gene does not promote such a homogeneous phenotype as previously described and it can lead to severe hypertrophy.
Subject(s)
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/genetics , Mutation/genetics , Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics , Troponin T/genetics , Brazil/epidemiology , Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/epidemiology , Carrier Proteins/genetics , Case-Control Studies , Exons/genetics , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , PhenotypeABSTRACT
Fundamento: A cardiomiopatia hipertrófica (CH) é a doença cardíaca hereditária mais frequente, causada por mutações nos genes codificadores para proteínas do sarcômero. Embora mais de 430 mutações tenham sido identificadas em vários continentes e países, não há relato de que isso tenha sido estudado no Brasil. Objetivo: Conduzir um estudo genético para identificar mutações genéticas que causam a CH em um grupo de pacientes no estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil. Métodos: Usando a técnica SSCP, 12 exons dos três principais genes envolvidos com a CH foram estudados: exons 15, 20, 21, 22 e 23 do gene da cadeia pesada da β-miosina (MYH7), exons 7, 16, 18, 22 e 24 do gene da proteína C ligada à miosina (MYBPC3) e exons 8 e 9 do gene da troponina T (TNNT2). Resultados: 16 alterações foram encontradas, incluindo duas mutações, uma delas possivelmente patogênica no gene MYBPC3 gene (p. Glu441Lys) e a outra patogênica já descrita no gene TNNT2 (p.Arg92Trp); 8 variações de seqüência raras e 6 variações de seqüência com frequência alélica maior do que 1 por cento (polimorfismos). Conclusão: Com esses dados, é possível concluir que a genotipagem dos pacientes é factível em nosso meio. É possível que a variante p.Glu441Lys no exon 16 do gene MYBPC3 seja patogênica, resultando em um fenótipo mais leve do que o encontrado em associação com outras mutações. A variante p.Arg92Trp no exon 9 do gene TNNT2 não resulta em um fenótipo tão homogêneo como descrito anteriormente e pode levar à hipertrofia grave.
Background: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HC) is the most frequent cardiac hereditary disease, caused by mutations in sarcomere protein coding genes. Although more than 430 mutations have been identified in several continents and countries, there have been no reports of mutations in Brazil. Objective: To carry out a genetic study to identify genetic mutations that cause HC in a group of patients in Espirito Santo, Brazil. Methods: Using the SSCP technique, 12 exons from the three main genes involved in HC were studied: exons 15, 20, 21, 22 and 23 of the β-myosin heavy chain gene (MYH7), exons 7, 16, 18, 22 and 24 of the myosin binding protein C gene (MYBPC3) and exons 8 and 9 of troponin T gene (TNNT2). Results: 16 alterations were found, including two mutations, one of them possibly pathogenic in the MYBPC3 gene (p. Glu441Lys) and another pathogenic one, previously described in the TNNT2 gene (p.Arg92Trp), 8 rare sequence variations and 6 sequence variations with allelic frequency higher than 1 percent (polymorphisms). Conclusion: These data allow the conclusion that the genotyping of patients is feasible in our country. It is possible that the isolated p.Glu441Lys variant identified in exon 16 of the MYBPC3 gene is pathogenic, promoting a milder phenotype than that found when in association with other mutations. The p.Arg92Trp variant in the exon 9 of TNNT2 gene does not promote such a homogeneous phenotype as previously described and it can lead to severe hypertrophy.
Fundamento: La cardiomiopatía hipertrófica (CH) es la enfermedad cardíaca hereditaria más frecuente, causada por mutaciones en los genes codificadores para proteínas del sarcómero. Aunque se hayan identificado más de 430 mutaciones en varios continentes y países, no hay relato de que esto se haya estudiado en Brasil. Objetivo: Conducir un estudio genético para identificar mutaciones genéticas que causan la CH en un grupo de pacientes en el estado de Espírito Santo, Brasil. Métodos: Usando la técnica SSCP, se estudiaron 12 exones de los tres principales genes involucrados con la CH: exones 15, 20, 21, 22 y 23 del gen de la cadena pesada de la β-miosina (MYH7), exones 7, 16, 18, 22 y 24 del gen de la proteína C unida a la miosina (MYBPC3) y exones 8 y 9 del gen de la troponina T (TNNT2). Resultados: Se encontraron 16 alteraciones, incluyendo dos mutaciones, una de ellas posiblemente patogénica en el gen MYBPC3 gen (p. Glu441Lys) y otra patogénica ya descrita en el gen TNNT2 (p. Arg92Trp); 8 variaciones de secuencia raras y 6 variaciones de secuencia con frecuencia alélica mayor que el 1 por ciento (polimorfismos). Conclusiones: Con estos datos, es posible concluir que el genotipaje de los pacientes es factible en nuestro medio. Es posible que la variante p.Glu441Lys en el exón 16 del gen MYBPC3 sea patogénica, resultando en un fenotipo más leve que el encontrado en asociación con otras mutaciones. La variante p.Arg92Trp en el exón 9 del gen TNNT2 no resulta en un fenotipo tan homogéneo como el descrito anteriormente y puede llevar a hipertrofia grave.
