Prácticas promotoras del autocuidado de la salud de mujeres en ejercicio de prostitución bogotá colombia / Promoting health self-care practices in women in the prostitution practice in bogotá, colombia / Práticas promotoras do autocuidado da saúde de mulheres em exercicio de prostitução bogotá colômbia

Resumen Objetivo: identificar las prácticas promotoras de autocuidado de salud, de mujeres en ejercicio de prostitución con base en factores que influyen en su bienestar físico, social y mental. Metodología: investigación cualitativa, realizada por medio de la aplicación de una entrevista semiestructurada que consta de preguntas abiertas a diez mujeres mayores de edad, que ejercen prostitución en la ciudad Bogotá D.C, en el año 2017. La información fue recolectada, analizada y clasificada, de forma manual en cuatro categorías: detalles personales, salud general, percepción de los servicios de salud y programas de salud. Resultados: las participantes del estudio están entre la edad de 18 y 64 años. Sus redes sociales son escasas, todas con la responsabilidad de mantener la economía en sus casas, la falta de oportunidad laboral es el factor más importante para ejercer la prostitución. Manifestaron no tener conciencia de la importancia de realizarse chequeos médicos con regularidad, tienden a asociar sus problemáticas en salud, con el no uso de preservativo centrando su bienestar físico, social y mental, netamente a ámbitos que comprenden su sexualidad y aparato reproductor. Conclusiones: de la información obtenida se concluye que las prácticas de autocuidado de las mujeres en ejercicio de prostitución se centran en el cuidado del aparato sexual y reproductivo, dejando de lado acciones promotoras y de autocuidado en salud lo que repercute de manera negativa en su estado de salud aumentando el riesgo de padecer enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles.

Abstract Objective: to identify practices promoting health self-care in women exercising prostitution based on factors that influence their physical, social and mental welfare. Methodology: qualitative research, carried out through the application of a semi structured interview consisting in open questions to ten elderly women who practiced prostitution in the city of Bogota D.C. in the year 2017. The information was collected, analyzed and classified manually in four categories: personal details, general health, perception from health services, and health programs. Results: the study participants were between 18 and 64 years old. Their social networks were scarce and they all were responsible for the economy in their homes. The lack of jobs opportunities is the most importat factor to exercise prostitution. They expressed not being aware of the importance to have medical check-ups regularly and were inclined to associate their health problems with the non-use of condoms, focusing their physical, social and mental well-being clearly on areas that include their sexuality and reproductive system. Conclusions: from the information obtained, it is concluded that self-care practices of women exercising the practice of prostitution are focused on the care of the sexual and reproductive system leaving aside promoting and health self-care actions which negatively affect their health condition, increasing the risks to suffer from chronic non-transmissible diseases.

Resumo Objetivo: identificar as práticas promotoras de autocuidado de saúde, de mulheres em exercício de prostituição com base em fatores que influem em seu bem-estar físico, social e mental. Metodologia: pesquisa qualitativa, realizada por meio da aplicação de uma entrevista semiestruturada que consta de perguntas abertas a dez mulheres maiores de idade, que exercem prostituição na cidade Bogotá D.C, no ano 2017. A informação foi coletada, analisada e classificada, de forma manual em quatro categorias: detalhes pessoais, saúde geral, percepção dos serviços de saúde e programas de saúde. Resultados: as participantes do estudo estão entre a idade de 18 e 64 anos. Suas redes sociais são escassas, todas com a responsabilidade de manter a economia em suas casas, a falta de oportunidade laboral é o fator mais importante para exercer a prostituição. Manifestaram não ter consciência da importância de realizar-se examenes médicos com regularidade, tendem a associar suas problemáticas em saúde, com o não uso de preservativo centrando seu bem-estar físico, social e mental, claramente a âmbitos que compreendem sua sexualidade e aparato reprodutor. Conclusões: da informação obtida se conclui que as práticas de autocuidado das mulheres em exercício de prostituição se centram no cuidado do aparato sexual e reprodutivo, deixando de lado ações promotoras e de autocuidado em saúde o que repercute de maneira negativa em seu estado de saúde aumentando o risco de padecer doenças crónicas no transmissíveis.

Effects of agricultural management on phyllosphere fungal diversity in vineyards and the association with adjacent native forests.

Agriculture is one of the main drivers of land conversion, and agriculture practices can impact on microbial diversity. Here we characterized the phyllosphere fungal diversity associated with Carménère grapevines under conventional and organic agricultural management. We also explored the fungal diversity present in the adjacent sclerophyllous forests to explore the potential role of native forest on vineyard phyllosphere. After conducting D2 and ITS2 amplicon sequencing, we found that fungal diversity indices did not change between conventional and organic vineyards, but community structure was sensitive to the agricultural management. On the other hand, we found a high proportion of shared fungal OTUs between vineyards and native forests. In addition, both habitats had similar levels of fungal diversity despite forest samples were derived from multiple plant species. In contrast, the community structure was different in both habitats. Interestingly, the native forest had more unidentified species and unique OTUs than vineyards. Forest dominant species were Aureobasidium pullulans and Endoconidioma populi, whereas Davidiella tassiana, Didymella sp., and Alternaria eichhorniae were more abundant in vineyards. Overall, this study argues that a better understanding of the relationship native forests and agroecosystems is needed for maintaining and enhancing ecosystem services provided by natural ecosystems. Finally, knowledge of microbial communities living in the Chilean Mediterranean biome is needed for appropriate conservation management of these biomes and their classification as biodiversity hotspots.

Enfermedad cardiovascular: creencias y prácticas en la adherencia al tratamiento / Cardiovascular disease: beliefs and practices in the adherence to the treatment / Doença cardiovascular: crenças e práticas na aderência ao tratamento

Introducción: Las enfermedades cardiovasculares representan a nivel global un problema de salud pública de dimensiones importantes después de las enfermedades infecciosas; de ahí que para que la morbimortalidad de estas enfermedades disminuya se hace necesario que los pacientes se adhieran a los tratamientos. Dentro de los factores de no adherencia se encuentran las creencias respecto a la enfermedad o su tratamiento, que generalmente están infl uenciadas por el entorno social y cultural. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura en las bases de datos EBSCO HOST, PUBMET, DIALNET, Wolters Kluwer Ovid, LILACS, SCIELO, ScienceDirect Medline y Pubmed. Los artículos se eligieron teniendo en cuenta que fuesen publicados entre enero de 1990 a diciembre de 2016, con los siguientes términos de búsqueda: creencias en tensión arterial, belief cardiovasculares diseases, creencias y prácticas en salud cardiovascular, creencias sobre la enfermedad cardiovascular, adherencia al tratamiento de la enfermedad cardiovascular, beliefs in cardiovascular diseases, adherence treatment disease cardiovascular. De los artículos seleccionados: 330 se escogieron por el título, 129 se excluyeron porque el título no es pertinente para el objeto de esta revisión y 51 fueron recuperados para lectura crítica. Resultados: Se encontró que los pacientes tienen muchas y variadas creencias frente a la enfermedad y su tratamiento; razón por la cual utilizan prácticas alternativas para el manejo de la enfermedad, que van desde la acupuntura, infusiones de plantas, recetas caseras hasta el chamanismo. Conclusiones: El enfermero está llamado a identifi car a los pacientes no adherentes, a investigar acerca de las creencias y prácticas para diseñar intervenciones más efectivas y efi cientes teniendo en cuenta el cuidado transcultural.

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases represent, globally, a public health problem of important dimensions after infectious diseases; for the morbimortality of these diseases to decrease, its necessary that the patients adhere to the treatments. Within the factors of non-adherence are the beliefs regarding the disease or its treatment, which generally are influenced by the social and cultural environment. Methodology: A review of the literature was performed in the data bases EBCO HOST, PUB-MET, DIAL-NET, Wolters Kluwer Ovid, LILACS, SCIELO, ScienceDirect Medline and Pubmed. The articles were selected considering the date of publication from January 1990 to December 2016, with the following search terms: beliefs in blood pressure, cardiovascular disease beliefs, beliefs and practices of cardiovascular health, beliefs about cardiovascular disease, adherence to treatment of cardiovascular disease, beliefs in cardiovascular disease. From the articles selected, 330 were chosen by its title, 129 were excluded because the title is not relevant for the objective of this review, and 51 were recovered for critical review. Results: It was found that the patients have many and diverse beliefs regarding the disease and its treatment; reason why patients use alternative practices for the treatment of the disease, these go from acupuncture, herbal infusions, home recipes to shamanism. Conclusions: The nurse is required to identify non-adherent patients, and to research about the beliefs and practices to design more effective and efficient interventions considering transcultural care.

Introdução: As doenças cardiovasculares representam globalmente um problema de saúde pública de dimensões importantes depois das doenças infecciosas; sendo que para que a morbimortalidade destas doenças diminua faz-se necessário que os pacientes se tenham aderido aos tratamentos. Dentro dos fatores de não aderência se encontram as crenças respeito à doença ou seu tratamento, que geralmente estão influenciadas pelo ambiente social e cultural. Metodologia: Realizou-se uma revisão da literatura nas bases de dados EBSCO HOST, PUB-MET, DIALNET, Wolters Kluwer Ovid, LILACS, SCIELO, ScienceDirect Medline e Pubmed. Os artigos foram escolhidos levando-se em conta que foram publicados entre janeiro de 1990 a dezembro de 2016, com os seguintes termos de pesquisa: crenças em pressão arterial, belief cardiovasculares diseases, crenças e práticas em saúde cardiovascular, crenças sobre a doença cardiovascular, aderência ao tratamento da doença cardiovascular, beliefs in cardiovascular diseases, adherence treatment disease cardiovascular. Dos artigos selecionados: 330 se escolheram pelo título, 129 se excluíram porque o título não era pertinente para o objeto desta revisão e 51 foram recuperados para leitura crítica. Resultados: Encontrou-se que os pacientes têm muitas e variadas crenças frente à doença e seu tratamento; razão pela qual utilizam práticas alternativas para o manejo da doença, que vão desde a acupuntura, infusões de plantas, receitas caseiras até o xamanismo. Conclusões: O enfermeiro está chamado a identificar os pacientes não aderentes, a pesquisar sobre as crenças e práticas para criar intervenções mais efetivas e eficientes tendo em conta o cuidado transcultural

Is microbial terroir related to geographic distance between vineyards?

While there are substantial studies suggesting that characteristics of wine are related to regional microbial community composition (microbial terroir), there has been little discussion about what factors affect variation in regional microbial community composition. In this study, we compared the microbial community composition of leaves and berries of a grape variety (Carmenere) from six different Chilean vineyards within 35 km of each other. In order to determine relationships between spatial proximity and microbial compositional dissimilarity, we sequenced amplicons of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region for fungi and 16S rRNA gene for bacteria. Results showed that both the fungal and the bacterial community compositions of the studied vineyards differed, but this difference was much clearer in fungi than in bacteria. In addition, while bacterial community dissimilarity was not correlated with geographic distance, the leaf and berry fungal community dissimilarities between locations increased with geographic distance. This indicates that spatial processes play an important role in structuring the biogeographic pattern of grape-associated fungal communities at local scales, which might in turn contribute to the local identity of wine.

Metagenomic analysis exploring taxonomic and functional diversity of soil microbial communities in Chilean vineyards and surrounding native forests.

Mediterranean biomes are biodiversity hotspots, and vineyards are important components of the Mediterranean landscape. Over the last few decades, the amount of land occupied by vineyards has augmented rapidly, thereby increasing threats to Mediterranean ecosystems. Land use change and agricultural management have important effects on soil biodiversity, because they change the physical and chemical properties of soil. These changes may also have consequences on wine production considering that soil is a key component of terroir. Here, we describe the taxonomic diversity and metabolic functions of bacterial and fungal communities present in forest and vineyard soils in Chile. To accomplish this goal, we collected soil samples from organic vineyards in central Chile and employed a shotgun metagenomic approach to sequence the microbial DNA. Additionally, we studied the surrounding native forest to obtain a baseline of the soil conditions in the area prior to the establishment of the vineyard. Our metagenomic analyses revealed that both habitats shared most of the soil microbial species. The most abundant genera in the two habitats were the bacteria Candidatus Solibacter and Bradyrhizobium and the fungus Gibberella. Our results suggest that the soil microbial communities are similar in these forests and vineyards. Therefore, we hypothesize that native forests surrounding the vineyards may be acting as a microbial reservoir buffering the effects of the land conversion. Regarding the metabolic diversity, we found that genes pertaining to the metabolism of amino acids, fatty acids, and nucleotides as well as genes involved in secondary metabolism were enriched in forest soils. On the other hand, genes related to miscellaneous functions were more abundant in vineyard soils. These results suggest that the metabolic function of microbes found in these habitats differs, though differences are not related to taxonomy. Finally, we propose that the implementation of environmentally friendly practices by the wine industry may help to maintain the microbial diversity and ecosystem functions associated with natural habitats.

Bird Richness and Abundance in Response to Urban Form in a Latin American City: Valdivia, Chile as a Case Study.

There is mounting evidence that urban areas influence biodiversity. Generalizations however require that multiple urban areas on multiple continents be examined. Here we evaluated the role of urban areas on avian diversity for a South American city, allowing us to examine the effects of urban features common worldwide, using the city of Valdivia, Chile as case study. We assessed the number of birds and their relative abundance in 152 grid cells of equal size (250 m2) distributed across the city. We estimated nine independent variables: land cover diversity (DC), building density (BD), impervious surface (IS),municipal green space (MG),non-municipal green space (NG), domestic garden space (DG), distance to the periphery (DP), social welfare index (SW), and vegetation diversity (RV). Impervious surface represent 41.8% of the study area, while municipal green, non-municipal green and domestic garden represent 11.6%, 23.6% and 16% of the non- man made surface. Exotic vegetation species represent 74.6% of the total species identified across the city. We found 32 bird species, all native with the exception of House Sparrow and Rock Pigeon. The most common species were House Sparrow and Chilean Swallow. Total bird richness responds negatively to IS and MG, while native bird richness responds positively to NG and negatively to BD, IS DG and, RV. Total abundance increase in areas with higher values of DC and BD, and decrease in areas of higher values of IS, SW and VR. Native bird abundance responds positively to NG and negatively to BD, IS MG, DG and RV. Our results suggest that not all the general patterns described in previous studies, conducted mainly in the USA, Europe, and Australia, can be applied to Latin American cities, having important implications for urban planning. Conservation efforts should focus on non-municipal areas, which harbor higher bird diversity, while municipal green areas need to be improved to include elements that can enhance habitat quality for birds and other species. These findings are relevant for urban planning in where both types of green space need to be considered, especially non-municipal green areas, which includes wetlands, today critically threatened by urban development.

Comparison of soil microbial communities inhabiting vineyards and native sclerophyllous forests in central Chile.

Natural ecosystems provide services to agriculture such as pest control, soil nutrients, and key microbial components. These services and others in turn provide essential elements that fuel biomass productivity. Responsible agricultural management and conservation of natural habitats can enhance these ecosystem services. Vineyards are currently driving land-use changes in many Mediterranean ecosystems. These land-use changes could have important effects on the supporting ecosystems services related to the soil properties and the microbial communities associated with forests and vineyard soils. Here, we explore soil bacterial and fungal communities present in sclerophyllous forests and organic vineyards from three different wine growing areas in central Chile. We employed terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms (T-RFLP) to describe the soil microbial communities inhabiting native forests and vineyards in central Chile. We found that the bacterial community changed between the sampled growing areas; however, the fungal community did not differ. At the local scale, our findings show that fungal communities differed between habitats because fungi species might be more sensitive to land-use change compared to bacterial species, as bacterial communities did not change between forests and vineyards. We discuss these findings based on the sensitivity of microbial communities to soil properties and land-use change. Finally, we focus our conclusions on the importance of naturally derived ecosystem services to vineyards.

Effects of herbivory and patch size on tree seedling survivorship in a fog-dependent coastal rainforest in semiarid Chile.

The landscape (matrix) surrounding habitat fragments critically affects the biodiversity of those fragments due to biotic interchange and physical effects. However, to date, there have been only a limited number of studies on plant-animal interactions in fragmented landscapes, particularly on how tree seedling herbivory is affected by fragmentation. We have examined this question in a fog-dependent mosaic of rainforest fragments located on coastal mountaintops of semiarid Chile (30 degrees S), where the effects of the surrounding semiarid matrix and forest patch size (0.1-22 ha) on tree seedling survival were simultaneously addressed. The rainforest is strongly dominated by the endemic evergreen tree species Aextoxicon punctatum (Olivillo, approx. 80% of basal area). To assess the magnitudes and causes of Olivillo seedling mortality, we set up a field experiment where 512 tree seedlings of known age were transplanted into four forest fragments of different sizes in four 1.5 x 3-m plots per patch; one-half of each plot was fenced off with chicken wire to exclude small mammals. The plots were monitored for 22 months. Overall, 50% of the plants died during the experiment. The exclusion of small mammals from the plots increased seedling survival by 25%, with the effect being greater in smaller patches where matrix-dwelling herbivores are more abundant. This experiment highlights the important role of the surrounding matrix in affecting the persistence of trees in forest fragments. Because herbivores from the matrix cause greater tree seedling mortality in small patches, their effects must be taken into account in forest conservation-restoration plans.

U3 snoRNP associates with fibrillarin a component of the scleroderma clumpy nucleolar domain.

Serum from patients with scleroderma recognizes the clumpy autoantigen. The present studies addressed the issue as to whether the clumpy nucleolar autoantigen recognized by scleroderma serum is fibrillarin-U3 snoRNP. Clones encoding for clumpy autoantigen were immunodetected from a lambdagt11 HeLa cell random-primed library with the serum from a patient with diffuse scleroderma and autoautoantibodies against clumpy autoantigen. Sequences from the recombinant phages were amplified by PCR and subcloned into a pCRII vector. The DNA was sequenced by a dideoxy termination reaction. Ten lambdagt11 clumpy clones were detected by immunoscreening. One containing the glycine-rich and RNP2 fibrillarin domains was expressed in lysogenic bacteria. The recombinant proteins were used to elicit antibodies in rabbits, and these exhibited clumpy nucleolar reactivity. The recombinant fibrillarin tested by ELISA was recognized by the clumpy scleroderma serum from the majority of patients. In situ hybridization assays showed that the fibrillarin tagged by the elicited antibodies was colocalized with U3 snoRNP in the nucleolus in a clumpy manner and coprecipitated the U3 snoRNP. In conclusion, the fibrillarin-U3 snoRNP complex is the major component of the clumpy subcellular domain. Therefore these molecules constitute an important target of scleroderma autoantibodies.

Effects of forest fragmentation on the beetle assemblage at the relict forest of Fray Jorge, Chile.

Habitat fragmentation is recognized as one of the main factors associated with species extinction and is particularly acute in South American forest habitats. In this study, we examined the effects of forest fragmentation on the beetle assemblage at the relict temperate forest of Fray Jorge (Chile). We evaluated the following hypotheses: (1) there is a strong edge effect, so that the number of beetle species and individuals increases away from the edge, towards the inner part of each fragment, (2) this pattern should be apparent in the larger fragments but not in the smaller ones, where edge effects are expected to be stronger, and (3) there should be a significant interaction between number of species/individuals found inside and outside fragments (i.e., in the matrix) and season, because of an increase in aridity and water stress during austral summer months. We found that the relationship between the number of individuals and number of species vs distance from the matrix towards the forest interior was affected by fragment size and season. In general, both number of species and individuals tended to increase from the matrix towards the forest edge and then either decrease, increase or maintain a constant level, depending on fragment size and season. The result of an ANOVA analysis, which used season, size, and position (inside vs outside fragments) as factors and number of individuals as the response variable, showed a significant effect of fragment size, position, and season and a significant interaction between fragment size and season, season and position, and size and position. ANOVA analysis using number of species as the response variable showed that area, season, and position all had significant effects. The results also showed a significant interaction between size and season and between season and position. Our results emphasize the existence of strong fragment-size and seasonal effects modulating both the response of beetles to fragmentation and their abundance and distribution in temperate areas. Thus, seasonal dynamic effects can be of paramount importance to demonstrate and understand the effect of habitat fragmentation upon arthropod assemblages in temperate areas.