Multiple PDT sessions with chlorin-e6 and LL-37 loaded-nanoemulsion provide limited benefits to periodontitis in rats.

BACKGROUND: The combination of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and LL-37 has never been tested in an animal study and our research team background suggests this strategy might be a promising alternative to intensify periodontitis resolution. This study aimed to assess the effects of multiple sessions of PDT with chlorin-e6 conjugated to the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 loaded nanoemulsion, as adjunctive therapy in experimental periodontitis in rats. METHODS: Experimental periodontitis was induced in 81 rats. After disease establishment, animals were assigned to three groups: SRP (scaling and root planning); SRP + 1PDT, SRP followed by a single PDT session; SRP + 4PDT (n = 27), SRP followed by four PDT sessions at 0, 24, 48 and 72 h after SRP. Animals were subjected to euthanasia at 7, 14 and 28 days, and samples were submitted to osteoclast quantification, immunological and microtomography analysis. RESULTS: All treatments resulted in significant periodontal improvements and there was no significant difference between the groups in both local inflammatory response and healing process. Minimal adjunctive effects could be found for the combined therapy in terms of cytokine levels (IL-1ß and IL-10), with no statistical significance. However, the number of TRAP-positive osteoclasts per mm of alveolar bone linear surface for the group treated with PDT sessions was significantly lower than those treated with SRP only. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple PDT sessions with chlorin-e6 and LL-37 nanoemulsion as an adjunct to scaling and root planning reduced the presence of osteoclast in the local site but did not contribute towards bone regeneration and IL-1ß and IL-10 levels.

Effect of Three Chemical Agents on Stain Removal from Dentin Caries Lesions Treated with Silver Diamine Fluoride.

INTRODUCTION: This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the effect of three different chemical agents on stain removal and mineral uptake of artificial dentin caries (ADC) lesions treated with silver diamine fluoride (SDF). METHODS: Baseline L*a*b* values were determined in polished human permanent dentin blocks, and ADC lesions were induced with an acid gel for 1 week. Samples were assigned to four groups; in three groups, half of each sample received SDF (30% SDF for 3 min), while the other half received SDF followed by a bleaching treatment protocol (garlic extract, bentonite, or 35% hydrogen peroxide). The fourth group had one SDF-treated half and one half without SDF. Color changes (ΔE) were measured by spectrometry, and transversal microradiography was used to quantify integrated mineral loss (ΔZ) 24 h after treatment (SDF or SDF + bleaching). A two-way mixed ANOVA was applied to thirty percent. RESULTS: SDF application increased mineral uptake by ADC (p = 0.001). The type of chemical agent evaluated (p < 0.0001), time (p = 0.01), and their interaction (p < 0.0001) bleached the ADC treated with SDF. However, 35% hydrogen peroxide was the only compound with a bleaching effect (p < 0.001), without returning to baseline color. None of the compounds altered the mineral uptake effect of SDF (p = 0.30). CONCLUSION: This in vitro study showed mineral uptake effect in ACD within 24 h after SDF application and the ability of hydrogen peroxide to partially remove (reduction of 24%) the staining caused by SDF without affecting its mineral uptake effect.

Effect of multidrug solution for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis in vivo.

Objective: Evaluate the effect of a multidrug solution, adopted by a referral hospital for cancer to control and treat chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis in rats. Methods: Oral mucositis (OM) was induced by 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), and the animals were treated with saline (n = 8, G1), 0.12% chlorhexidine (n = 8, G2); and multidrug solution (n = 8, G3). The animals were submitted to clinical and histological analysis of the lesion using mucosal fragments. The animals' food consumption during treatment was also evaluated. Results: Clinical improvement (p < 0.05) was observed in the groups treated with the multidrug solution and 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate. In G2 and G3, there was a prevalence of reepithelialization covering <50% of the lesion. Evaluation of the inflammatory infiltrate indicated that the G1 treatment permitted an intense inflammatory response in all animals, yet this evaluation parameter was moderate in groups G2 and G3. The G3 group (p < 0.05) presented higher food consumption than the other groups. Conclusions: The multidrug solution improved the clinical and histological parameters of the chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis, as well as promoted an increase in food intake.

Avaliação in vitro da microdureza e porosidade de duas resinas compostas fotopolimerizáveis / Evaluación in vitro de la microdureza y porosidad de dos resinas compuestas fotopolimerizables / In vitro evaluation of the microhardness and porosity of two photopolymerizable composite resins

RESUMO Introdução: Os estudos científicos acerca das propriedades físicas e mecânicas apresentadas pelas resinas compostas são cada vez mais necessários diante da grande variedade de produtos disponíveis no mercado atual, resultante do aumento de sua demanda dentro da odontologia que preza por preparos minimamente invasivos com a devolução das características estéticas e funcionais do elemento dentário. Objetivo: Avaliar e comparar a microdureza e porosidade das resinas compostas fotopolimerizavéis Filtek Z350 XT 3M e Zirconfill Technew. Métodos: Foram confeccionados 10 corpos de prova por amostra (n= 10) submetidos a teste microdureza Vickers e porosidade por microtomografia computadorizada. Resultados: Com relação à presença de porosidades, dada em porcentagem, o grupo da Filtek apresentou os menores valores médios. Quando comparado estatisticamente, os grupos apresentaram diferença estatística (p= 0,019), com uma magnitude de efeito alta. Com relação aos valores de microdureza, o grupo da Filtek apresentou os maiores valores médios. Quando comparados estatisticamente, os grupos não apresentaram diferença estatística (p > 0,05). Conclusões: A porosidade foi significativamente diferente entre os grupos estudados, sendo o grupo Filtek Z350XT de menor percentual. No entanto, os grupos não apresentaram diferença estatística para microdureza, apesar do grupo Filtek Z350XT ter apresentado maior valor médio(AU)

RESUMEN Introducción: Los estudios científicos sobre las propiedades físicas y mecánicas presentadas por las resinas compuestas son cada vez más necesarios ante la gran variedad de productos disponibles en el mercado actual, resultante del aumento de su demanda dentro de la odontología que aprecia por preparaciones mínimamente invasivas con la devolución de las características estéticas y funcionales del elemento dental. Objetivo: Evaluar y comparar la microdureza y porosidad de las resinas compuestas fotopolimerizables Filtek Z350 XT 3M y Zirconfill Technew. Métodos: Se han confeccionado 10 cuerpos de prueba por muestra (n= 10) sometidos a prueba de microdureza Vickers y porosidad por microtomografía computarizada. Resultados: Con respecto a la presencia de porosidades, dada en porcentaje, el grupo de Filtek presentó los menores valores medios. Cuando se comparó estadísticamente, los grupos presentaron una diferencia estadística (p= 0,019), con una magnitud de efecto alto. Con respecto a los valores de microdureza, el grupo de Filtek presentó los mayores valores medios. Cuando se comparó estadísticamente, los grupos no presentaron una diferencia estadística (p> 0,05). Conclusiones: La porosidad fue significativamente diferente entre los grupos estudiados, siendo el grupo Filtek Z350XT de menor porcentaje. Sin embargo, los grupos no presentaron diferencia estadística para microdureza, a pesar de que el grupo Filtek Z350XT presentó un valor medio más alto(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Scientific studies about the physical and mechanical properties of composite resins are increasingly needed in view of the wide variety of products available in the market today, resulting from the increase in their demand for dental care purposes, with a preference for minimally invasive preparations aimed at restoring the esthetic and functional characteristics of the treated element. Objective: Evaluate and compare the microhardness and porosity of the photopolymerizable composite resins Filtek Z350 XT and Zirconfill Technew. Methods: Ten test bodies were developed per sample (n= 10) and subjected to Vickers microhardness and porosity testing by computerized microtomography. Results: With respect to the presence of porosity, expressed in percentages, the Filtek group had the lowest mean values. When compared statistically, the two groups showed a statistical difference (p= 0.019) with a high effect magnitude. Regarding microhardness, the Filtek group had the highest mean values. Statistical comparison did not find any difference between the groups (p> 0.05). Conclusions: Porosity was significantly different in the groups studied, the Filtek Z350XT group exhibiting the lowest percentage. However, the groups did not show any statistical difference concerning microhardness, despite the fact that the Filtek Z350XT group had a higher mean value(AU)

Growth Inhibition and Morphological Alterations of Trichophyton Rubrum Induced by Essential oil from Cymbopogon Winterianus Jowitt Ex Bor.

Trichophyton rubrum is one of the most common fungi causer of dermatophytosis, mycosis that affect humans and animals around the world. Researches aiming new products with antifungal activity become necessary to overcome difficulties on treatment of these infections. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate the antifungal activity of essential oil from Cymbopogon winterianus against the dermatophyte T. rubrum. The antifungal screening was performed by solid medium diffusion method with 16 T. rubrum strains, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicide concentration (MFC) were determined using the microdilution method. The effects on mycelial dry weight and morphology were also observed. Screening showed essential oil in natura inhibited all the tested strains, with inhibition zones between 24-28 mm diameter. MIC50 and MIC90 values of the essential oil were 312 µg/mL for nearly all the essayed strains (93.75 %) while the MFC50 and MFC90 values were about eight times higher than MIC for all tested strains. All tested essential oil concentrations managed to inhibit strongly the mycelium development. Main morphological changes on the fungal strains observed under light microscopy, which were provided by the essential oil include loss of conidiation, alterations concerning form and pigmentation of hyphae. In the oil presence, colonies showed folds, cream color and slightly darker than the control, pigment production was absent on the reverse and with evident folds. It is concluded that C. winterianus essential oil showed activity against T. rubrum. Therefore, it could be known as potential antifungal compound especially for protection against dermatophytosis.

Growth inhibition and morphological alterations of Trichophyton rubrum induced by essential oil from Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt ex Bor

Trichophyton rubrum is one of the most common fungi causer of dermatophytosis, mycosis that affect humans and animals around the world. Researches aiming new products with antifungal activity become necessary to overcome difficulties on treatment of these infections. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate the antifungal activity of essential oil from Cymbopogon winterianus against the dermatophyte T. rubrum. The antifungal screening was performed by solid medium diffusion method with 16 T. rubrum strains, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicide concentration (MFC) were determined using the microdilution method. The effects on mycelial dry weight and morphology were also observed. Screening showed essential oil in natura inhibited all the tested strains, with inhibition zones between 24-28 mm diameter. MIC50 and MIC90 values of the essential oil were 312 µg/mL for nearly all the essayed strains (93.75 %) while the MFC50 and MFC90 values were about eight times higher than MIC for all tested strains. All tested essential oil concentrations managed to inhibit strongly the mycelium development. Main morphological changes on the fungal strains observed under light microscopy, which were provided by the essential oil include loss of conidiation, alterations concerning form and pigmentation of hyphae. In the oil presence, colonies showed folds, cream color and slightly darker than the control, pigment production was absent on the reverse and with evident folds. It is concluded that C. winterianus essential oil showed activity against T. rubrum. Therefore, it could be known as potential antifungal compound especially for protection against dermatophytosis.

Analysis of enamel microbiopsies in shed primary teeth by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Polarizing Microscopy (PM).

The aims of this study were 1) to verify how close to the theoretically presumed areas are the areas of enamel microbiopsies carried out in vivo or in exfoliated teeth; 2) to test whether the etching solution penetrates beyond the tape borders; 3) to test whether the etching solution demineralizes the enamel in depth. 24 shed upper primary central incisors were randomly divided into two groups: the Rehydrated Teeth Group and the Dry Teeth Group. An enamel microbiopsy was performed, and the enamel microbiopsies were then analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Polarizing Microscopy (PM). Quantitative birefringence measurements were performed. The "true" etched area was determined by measuring the etched enamel using the NIH Image analysis program. Enamel birefringence was compared using the paired t test. There was a statistically significant difference when the etched areas in the Rehydrated teeth were compared with those of the Dry teeth (p=0.04). The etched areas varied from -11.6% to 73.5% of the presumed area in the Rehydrated teeth, and from 6.6% to 61.3% in the Dry teeth. The mean percentage of variation in each group could be used as a correction factor for the etched area. Analysis of PM pictures shows no evidence of in-depth enamel demineralization by the etching solution. No statistically significant differences in enamel birefringence were observed between values underneath and outside the microbiopsy area in the same tooth, showing that no mineral loss occurred below the enamel superficial layer. Our data showed no evidence of in-depth enamel demineralization by the etching solution used in the enamel microbiopsy proposed for primary enamel. This study also showed a variation in the measured diameter of the enamel microbiopsy in nineteen teeth out of twenty four, indicating that in most cases the etching solution penetrated beyond the tape borders.

Effect of cinnamomum zeylanicum blume essential oil on the rowth and morphogenesis of some potentially pathogenic Aspergillus species

Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume is known for a wide range of medicinal properties. This study aimed to assess the interference of C. zeylanicum essential oil on the growth and morphogenesis of some potentially pathogenic Aspergillus species. The essential oil presented strong antifungal effect causing the growth inhibition of the assayed strains and development of large growth inhibition zones. MIC50 and MIC90 values were 40 and 80 µL/mL, respectively. 80, 40 and 20 µL/mL of the oil strongly inhibited the radial mycelial growth of A. niger, A. flavus and A. fumigatus along 14 days. 80 and 40 µL/mL of the oil caused a 100% inhibition of the fungal spore germination. Main morphological changes observed under light microscopy provided by the essential oil in the fungal strains were decreased conidiation, leakage of cytoplasm, loss of pigmentation and disrupted cell structure indicating fungal wall degeneration. It is concluded that C. zeylanicum essential oil could be known as potential antifungal compound, particularly, to protect against the growth of Aspergillus species.

Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume é uma planta conhecida por apresentar ampla variedade de propriedades medicinais. Portanto, este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a interferência do óleo essencial C. zeylanicum sobre o crescimento e morfogênese de algumas espécies de Aspergillus potencialmente patogênicas. O óleo essencial testado apresentou potente efeito antifúngico demonstrado pela visualização de grandes zonas de inibição de crescimento de todas as linhagens testadas. Os valores de CIM50 e de CIM90 foram 40 e 80 µL/mL, respectivamente. Nas concentrações de 80, 40 e 20 µL/mL o óleo demonstrou um potente efeito fumigante, inibindo o crescimento micelial radial de A. niger, A. flavus e A. fumigatus ao longo de 14 dias de exposição. A 80 e 40 µL/mL o óleo essencial promoveu inibição de 100% da germinação de esporos, das três espécies de Aspergillus citadas anteriormente. Além disso, alterações morfológicas no crescimento fúngico foram observadas sob microscopia óptica após exposição ao óleo essencial, como diminuição da conidiação, perda citoplasmática, perda de pigmentação e rompimento da estrutura fúngica (hifa) indicando degeneração da parede celular. Diante do exposto, conclui-se que o óleo essencial de C. zeylanicum poderia ser empregado como potente composto antifúngico, particularmente, prevenindo crescimento de espécies de Aspergillus.