In vivo effect of essential oil of Mentha x villosa and its active compound against Schistosoma mansoni (Sambon, 1907) / Efeito in vivo do óleo essencial de Mentha x villosa e seu composto ativo sobre Schistosoma mansoni (Sambon, 1907)

Abstract Schistosomiasis treatment is dependent on a single drug, praziquantel (PZQ). The development of resistance of PZQ has drawn the attention of many researchers to alternative drugs. One viable and promising treatment is the study of medicinal plants as a new approach to the experimental treatment for Schistosomiasis. The present work aimed to evaluate in vivo antischistosomal activity of effect of Mentha x villosa Oil Essential (Mv-EO) and rotundifolone (ROT) against Schistosoma mansoni. Thirty-day-old female Swiss webster mice (Mus musculus) weighing 50 grams were used. Mice were infected with 80 cercariae of S. mansoni (BH strain) and orally administered Mv-EO (50, 100 and 200 mg/Kg) and ROT (35.9, 70.9 and 141.9 mg/Kg) at 45-days post infection for 5 consecutive days. All mice were euthanized 60 days after infection. Praziquantel was the positive control in the experiment. Doses of 200 mg/kg (Mv-EO) and ROT (141.9 mg/Kg) resulted in a significant reduction in fluke burden (72.44% and 74.48%, respectively). There was also marked reduction in liver, intestinal and faecal and changed oogram pattern, compared to infected untreated mice. Considering the results obtained, further biological studies are required in order to elucidate the mechanism of schistosomicidal action on against adult S. mansoni.

Resumo O tratamento da esquistossomose é dependente de uma única droga, praziquantel (PZQ). O desenvolvimento da resistência de PZQ tem atraído atenção de muitos pesquisadores por medicamentos alternativos. Um tratamento viável e promissor é o estudo das plantas medicinais como uma nova abordagem para o tratamento experimental para esquistossomose. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a atividade esquistossomicida in vivo óleo essencial de Mentha x villosa (OE-Mv) e rotundifolona (ROT) contra Schistosoma mansoni. Foram utilizados camundongos Swiss webster (Mus musculus) fêmea de trinta dias de idade pesando 50 gramas. Os camundongos foram infectados com 80 cercárias de S. mansoni (cepa BH) e administrado por via oral OE-Mv (50, 100 e 200 mg/Kg) e ROT (35,9, 70,9 e 141,9 mg/Kg) apos 45 dias de infecção durante 5 dias consecutivos. Todos os animais foram eutanasiados 60 dias após a infecção. Praziquantel foi o controle positivo no experimento. O tratamento dos camundongos infectados com doses de 200 mg/kg (OE-Mv) e rotundifolona (141,9 mg/Kg) resultaram em redução significativa dos vermes (72.44% e 74.48%, respectivamente). Foi observado também redução no fígado, intestino e fecal e alteração no padrão do oograma, em comparação aos camundongos infectados e não tratados. Considerando os resultados obtidos, mais estudos biológicos são necessários a fim de elucidar o mecanismo de ação esquistossomicida contra adultos de S. mansoni.

In vivo effect of essential oil of Mentha x villosa and its active compound against Schistosoma mansoni (Sambon, 1907).

Schistosomiasis treatment is dependent on a single drug, praziquantel (PZQ). The development of resistance of PZQ has drawn the attention of many researchers to alternative drugs. One viable and promising treatment is the study of medicinal plants as a new approach to the experimental treatment for Schistosomiasis. The present work aimed to evaluate in vivo antischistosomal activity of effect of Mentha x villosa Oil Essential (Mv-EO) and rotundifolone (ROT) against Schistosoma mansoni. Thirty-day-old female Swiss webster mice (Mus musculus) weighing 50 grams were used. Mice were infected with 80 cercariae of S. mansoni (BH strain) and orally administered Mv-EO (50, 100 and 200 mg/Kg) and ROT (35.9, 70.9 and 141.9 mg/Kg) at 45-days post infection for 5 consecutive days. All mice were euthanized 60 days after infection. Praziquantel was the positive control in the experiment. Doses of 200 mg/kg (Mv-EO) and ROT (141.9 mg/Kg) resulted in a significant reduction in fluke burden (72.44% and 74.48%, respectively). There was also marked reduction in liver, intestinal and faecal and changed oogram pattern, compared to infected untreated mice. Considering the results obtained, further biological studies are required in order to elucidate the mechanism of schistosomicidal action on against adult S. mansoni.

In vivo effect of essential oil of Mentha x villosa and its active compound against Schistosoma mansoni (Sambon, 1907)

Abstract Schistosomiasis treatment is dependent on a single drug, praziquantel (PZQ). The development of resistance of PZQ has drawn the attention of many researchers to alternative drugs. One viable and promising treatment is the study of medicinal plants as a new approach to the experimental treatment for Schistosomiasis. The present work aimed to evaluate in vivo antischistosomal activity of effect of Mentha x villosa Oil Essential (Mv-EO) and rotundifolone (ROT) against Schistosoma mansoni. Thirty-day-old female Swiss webster mice (Mus musculus) weighing 50 grams were used. Mice were infected with 80 cercariae of S. mansoni (BH strain) and orally administered Mv-EO (50, 100 and 200 mg/Kg) and ROT (35.9, 70.9 and 141.9 mg/Kg) at 45-days post infection for 5 consecutive days. All mice were euthanized 60 days after infection. Praziquantel was the positive control in the experiment. Doses of 200 mg/kg (Mv-EO) and ROT (141.9 mg/Kg) resulted in a significant reduction in fluke burden (72.44% and 74.48%, respectively). There was also marked reduction in liver, intestinal and faecal and changed oogram pattern, compared to infected untreated mice. Considering the results obtained, further biological studies are required in order to elucidate the mechanism of schistosomicidal action on against adult S. mansoni.

Resumo O tratamento da esquistossomose é dependente de uma única droga, praziquantel (PZQ). O desenvolvimento da resistência de PZQ tem atraído atenção de muitos pesquisadores por medicamentos alternativos. Um tratamento viável e promissor é o estudo das plantas medicinais como uma nova abordagem para o tratamento experimental para esquistossomose. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a atividade esquistossomicida in vivo óleo essencial de Mentha x villosa (OE-Mv) e rotundifolona (ROT) contra Schistosoma mansoni. Foram utilizados camundongos Swiss webster (Mus musculus) fêmea de trinta dias de idade pesando 50 gramas. Os camundongos foram infectados com 80 cercárias de S. mansoni (cepa BH) e administrado por via oral OE-Mv (50, 100 e 200 mg/Kg) e ROT (35,9, 70,9 e 141,9 mg/Kg) apos 45 dias de infecção durante 5 dias consecutivos. Todos os animais foram eutanasiados 60 dias após a infecção. Praziquantel foi o controle positivo no experimento. O tratamento dos camundongos infectados com doses de 200 mg/kg (OE-Mv) e rotundifolona (141,9 mg/Kg) resultaram em redução significativa dos vermes (72.44% e 74.48%, respectivamente). Foi observado também redução no fígado, intestino e fecal e alteração no padrão do oograma, em comparação aos camundongos infectados e não tratados. Considerando os resultados obtidos, mais estudos biológicos são necessários a fim de elucidar o mecanismo de ação esquistossomicida contra adultos de S. mansoni.

Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit (Lamiaceae), a medicinal plant protects the stomach against several gastric ulcer models.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Hyptis suaveolens is used by the traditional population in several parts of the world to treat inflammation, gastric ulcer and infection and is used as a crude drug to relieve symptoms related with gastric ulcer or gastritis in northeaster and central region of Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS: the standardized ethanolic extract (Hs-EtOHE) and hexanic fraction (Hs-HexF) of Hyptis suaveolens (62,5, 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg) was evaluated in several models of acute gastric ulcers. The participation of NO was evaluated by pretreatment with L-NAME and non-protein sulfyhydryls by NEM in the gastroprotective effect. RESULTS: Hs-EtOHE and Hs-HexF markedly reduced the gastric lesions induced by all ulcerogenic agents (HCl/ethanol, ethanol, NSAIDs and hypothermic restraint-stress). Gastric ulcerations were exacerbated by administration of NEM suggesting that the gastroprotective mechanism of action of Hs-EtOHE and Hs-HexF involves sulfhydryl groups. CONCLUSION: Ours results show that an extract of Hyptis suaveolens, administered orally to rodents, present gastro protective activity in different models of acute of gastric ulcer and give some support to the reported claims on the use of this plant as a gastro protective agent.

Atividade anti-helmíntica de plantas nativas do continente americano: uma revisão / Anthelmintic activity of native American plants: a review

O presente trabalho faz uma revisão de plantas nativas do continente americano com atividade anti-helmíntica com a finalidade de subsidiar pesquisas e o desenvolvimento de novos medicamentos na área de produtos naturais. Na literatura, foram citadas 22 famílias de plantas, tais como: Moraceae, Asteraceae e Cucurbitaceae, e estudadas cerca de 35 espécies, como a Ficus sp, Cucurbita máxima, e Ruta graveolens, usadas por sua alegada atividade anti-helmíntica. Destas espécies, 26 foram ativas contra alguns helmintos: Strongyloides stercolaris, Ancylostomidae, Trichostrongylus sp, Capillaria sp, Ascaris lumbricoides, Taenia saginata, Haemonchus contortus, e Hymenolepsis diminuta. Foi verificado maior número de estudos com parasitas de animais, possivelmente devido ao desenvolvimento de resistência dos helmintos aos tratamentos convencionais disponíveis.

This paper is a review of native American plants showing anthelmintic activity in order to give support to research and development of new drugs in the field of natural products. In the literature, 22 plant families were cited, such as: Moraceae, Asteraceae and Cucurbitaceae, and around 35 species were studied, including Ficus sp, Cucurbita maxima and Ruta graveolens, used for their putative anthelmintic activity. From these species, 26 were active against some helminthes: Strongyloides stercolaris, Ancylostomidae, Trichostrongylus sp, Capillaria sp, Ascaris lumbricoides, Taenia saginata, Haemonchus contortus and Hymenolepsis diminuta. Data indicated a larger number of studies with animal parasites, probably due to the resistance of these helminthes to the conventional treatments available.

A validated method for the simultaneous quantitation of bioactive alkaloid markers in the leaf ethanolic extract of Cissampelos sympodialis Eichl.: a phenological variation study.

INTRODUCTION: The leaf hydroalcoholic extract of Cissampelos sympodialis Eichl. (Menispermaceae) has shown promising activity in different animal models of asthma. Several alkaloids have been identified in the extract, including warifteine and methylwarifteine (bisbenzylisoquinoline), as well as milonine (morphinandienone). OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate an analytical method for the simultaneous quantitation of the bioactive markers of C. sympodialis hydroalcoholic leaf extract and to apply the method to a seasonal (phenological) study of the concentration of the alkaloid markers. METHODOLOGY: The method used reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection and calibration by standard addition. Separation was achieved using a C18-column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) and a mobile phase consisting of a mixture of 0.05% aqueous (Et)3NH2 (A):MeOH(B) in gradient mode at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. RESULTS: The method proved to be linear in the concentration range tested (2-100 µg/mL, r² > 0,99), precise (RSD ≤ 15%), accurate (85-115%), selective and robust. Detection limits for warifteine, methyl-warifteine and milonine were 0.39, 1.10 and 1.77 µg/mL respectively. The highest concentration of total alkaloids (determined as the sum of the three alkaloids) in the hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves was 2.9 ± 0.2 mg/g extract (n = 3), prior to fruit development. Both warifteine and methylwarifteine were detected in the total alkaloid fraction of the ripened fruits. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrated that significant variations in the concentration of the biomarkers occurred throughout the vegetative cycle. The lowest concentration of the alkaloids in the leaves coincided with their appearance in the ripened fruits.

Antinociceptive activity of discretamine isolated from Duguetia moricandiana.

The phytochemical study of Duguetia moricandiana Mart. (Annonaceae) yielded the isolation of the alkaloid which was identified by spectral analysis as discretamine. The evaluation of antinociceptive activity carried out by the acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin and hot plate tests in mice, suggests a potent antinociceptive effect. Discretamine (5, 10 and 20 mg kg⁻¹, i.p.) significantly reduced the number of writhes similarly at all doses tested and the number of paw licks during the first phase of formalin test when compared to control. The effect of discretamine on hot plate response provides a confirmation of its central effect. These results indicate antinociceptive properties of this alkaloid.

Neolignans from plants in northeastern Brazil (Lauraceae) with activity against Trypanosoma cruzi.

Trypanosoma cruzi is the ethiological agent for Chagas disease in Latin America. This study aimed to test the trypanocidal effect of licarin A and burchellin isolated from plants in northeastern Brazil. These neolignans were tested on T. cruzi and on peritoneal macrophages, to evaluate drug toxicity. Epimastigote growth was inhibited in 45% with licarin A and 20% with burchellin with an IC(50)/96 h of 462.7 microM and 756 microM, respectively. Epimastigotes treated with licarin A presented swollen mitochondria and disorganized mitochondrial cristae, kDNA and Golgi complex. When treated with burchellin, they presented enormous autophagosomes and chromatin disorganization. Licarin A and burchellin were able to induce trypomastigote death with IC(50)/24 h of 960 microM and 520 microM, respectively. Although licarin A presented an IC(50) for trypomastigotes higher than for epimastigotes, both substances acted as therapeutic trypanocidal agents, because they were able to kill parasites without affecting macrophages. Due to our results, burchellin and licarin A need to be further analysed to observe if they may be used as alternative blood additive prophylaxis against Chagas disease, since it has been established that blood transfusion is an important mechanism in the transmission process.

Antinociceptive effects of (O-methyl)-N-benzoyl tyramine (riparin I) from Aniba riparia (Nees) Mez (Lauraceae) in mice.

The present study examined the antinociceptive effects of (O-methyl) N-benzoyl-tyramine (riparin I, ripI) isolated from the unripe fruit of Aniba riparia in chemical and thermal behavioral models of pain, such as acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing, formalin, and hot-plate tests in mice. Moreover, the involvement of the nitric oxide pathway as well as the opioid system in the antinociceptive action of ripI in the formalin test was investigated. RipI was administered both orally and intraperitoneally to male mice at single doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg. In the acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing, ripI decreased the number of writhings at both doses. In addition, in the formalin test, ripI reduced the paw licking time at both phases of the test. The effect of the highest dose of ripI in mice formalin test on the early phase was not reversed by naloxone (opioid receptor antagonist) but it was reversed by l-arginine (a nitric oxide precursor) in the late phase, suggesting that ripI may not act through opioid system and possibly acts through inhibition of nitric oxide pathway. In the hot-plate test, ripI increased the reaction time in the hot-plate test at the dose of 25 mg/kg, i.p., confirming the result found in the formalin test. Based on the obtained results, it is suggested that ripI presents antinociceptive activity that may be due to peripheral mechanisms (nitric oxide pathway) and central mechanisms, discarding the involvement of opioid system.

The triterpenoid lupeol attenuates allergic airway inflammation in a murine model.

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways associated with a Th2 immune response. Despite their side effects, corticosteroids are the most used and effective drugs for treatment of asthma. In this work we investigated the efficacy of lupeol, a triterpenoid isolated from Lonchocarpus araripensis [corrected] Benth. (Fabaceae), in the treatment of bronchial asthma in BALB/c mice immunized with ovalbumin. Administration of lupeol caused the reduction of cellularity and eosinophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Treatment with lupeol also reduced the production of mucus and overall inflammation in the lung. Levels of Type II cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 were significantly reduced in mice treated with lupeol, an effect that was similar to that observed in dexamethasone-treated mice. In contrast, IgE production was not significantly altered after treatment with lupeol. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that lupeol attenuates the alterations' characteristics of allergic airway inflammation. The investigation of the mechanisms of action of this molecule may contribute for the development of new drugs for the treatment of asthma.

Warifteine, a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid, decreases immediate allergic and thermal hyperalgesic reactions in sensitized animals.

Warifteine is a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid isolated from the Cissampelos sympodialis Eichl (Menispermaceae). This plant is used in the folk medicine for the treatment of airway respiratory diseases. A murine model of immediate allergic reaction was used to evaluate warifteine treatment in the IgE production, leukocyte activation, thermal hyperalgesia, mast cell degranulation and scratching behavior. BALB/c mice treated with warifteine (0.4-10 mg/Kg) 1 h before OVA sensitization reduced OVA induced paw edema as well as the OVA-specific IgE serum titers as compared with non-treated and OVA-sensitized animals. Warifteine also reduced the mice death evoked by IgE-dependent anaphylactic shock reaction at 30 min after intravenous OVA challenge. To assess the effect of warifteine treatment on T cell proliferative response, spleen cells from warifteine treated or non-treated and OVA-sensitized animals were evaluated. Spleen cells from warifteine treated animals (2.0 mg/kg) did not proliferate following OVA stimulation as compared with spleen cell cultures from non-treated animals. This response may be related with the increase of NO production as observed in peritoneal macrophage cultures treated with warifteine. Thermal hyperalgesia evoked by IgE or histamine/5-hydroxytryptamine challenge was inhibited on rats at dose of 4.0 mg/kg. Warifteine treatment (0.6 or 6.0 microg/ml) also decreased the IgEalphaDNP-BSA sensitized mast degranulation after DNP-BSA challenge measured by histamine release. In addition, compound 48/80-induced scratching behavior was also sensitive to warifteine treatment. These results demonstrate for the first time that warifteine treatment reduced the allergy-associated responses.

Plants of the American continent with antiulcer activity.

Peptic ulcer is a chronic and appalling disease. Today, it is dominant among the diseases that affect the world's population. The principal factors causing this disease are inadequate dietetic habits, prolonged use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, stress and infection by Helicobacter pylori, in addition to other factors of genetic origin. The present work is a literature survey of plant extracts from the American continent that have been reported to show antiulcer activity. This review refers to 58 plants with their families, parts used, type of extract used, model bioassays and their activity. This work intends to aid the researchers in the study of natural products appropriate to the treatment of stomach and intestinal diseases, in general, and peptic ulcer in particular.

Molluscicidal activities of six species of Bignoniaceae from north-eastern Brazil, as measured against Biomphalaria glabrata under laboratory conditions.

The molluscicidal profile and brine-shrimp bio-activity of the ethanolic extracts of plants from the Bignoniaceae family were determined. The six extracts investigated were of the stems of Melloa quadrivalvis and Tabebuia aurea, and whole plants of Adenocalymma comosum, Arrabidaea parviflora, Cuspidaria argentea and Clytostoma binatum. When tested in the laboratory, with Biomphalaria glabrata as the test snail, all six extracts gave median lethal concentrations (9-54 microg/ml) that fell well below the upper threshold, of 100 mug/ml, set for a potential molluscicide by the World Health Organization.

Biological activity of neolignans on the post-embryonic development of Chrysomya megacephala.

Phytochemicals endowed with hormonal, antihormonal, or toxic activity are potential agents for insect control. The effect of some neolignans on one of the most prevalent flies in urban areas, which constitutes a menace to public health, was investigated.

Central nervous system activity of yangambin from Ocotea duckei Vattimo (Lauraceae) in mice.

This work presents behavioral effects of yangambin isolated from the leaves of Ocotea duckei on open field, rota rod, barbiturate sleeping time, forced swimming and elevated plus maze test in mice. Yangambin was intraperitoneally administered to male mice at single doses of 12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg. The results showed that yangambin in the doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg decreased the locomotor activity and the number of rearing. However, no change was observed in the rota rod test between the yangambin groups as compared to the control group. Reduction on the sleep latency and a prolongation of the sleeping time induced by pentobarbital was observed only with the yangambin dose of 50 mg/kg. In the forced swimming test, yangambin (25 and 50 mg/kg) increased the immobility time. Yangambin, in the doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg, decreased the number of entries and the time of permanence in the open arms of the elevated plus maze test. However, this effect can not be related to anxiogenic effects, but to a decrease in locomotor activity. The results showed that yangambin presents a depressant activity in the open field, forced swimming and pentobarbital sleeping time tests. These effects probably were not due to peripheral neuromuscular blockade, since there was no alteration on the rota rod test. Also, no anxiolytic effect was observed after the treatment with yangambin.

A review of natural products with antileishmanial activity.

Infections caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania are a major worldwide health problem, with high endemicity in developing countries. The incidence of the disease has increased since the emergence of AIDS. In the absence of a vaccine, there is an urgent need for effective drugs to replace/supplement those in current use. The plant kingdom is undoubtedly valuable as a source of new medicinal agents. The present work constitutes a review of the literature on plant extracts and chemically defined molecules of natural origin showing antileishmanial activity. The review refers to 101 plants, their families, and geographical distribution, the parts utilized, the type of extract and the organism tested. It also includes 288 compounds isolated from higher plants and microorganisms, classified into appropriate chemical groups. Some aspects of recent antileishmanial-activity-directed research on natural products are discussed.

Alkaloids and volatile constituents from the stem of Fusaea longifolia (Aubl.) Saff. (Annonaceae)

A phytochemical study of the ethanol extract and an extraction of the volatile compounds, performed by means of Clevenger apparatus were carried out with the stem of Fusaea longifolia (Aubl.) Saff. (Annonaceae). The ethanol extract yielded O-methylmoschatoline, isolated for the first time in this species, and stepholidine, reported for the first time in genus Fusaea. The structural identification of the alkaloids was made based on the analysis of their NMR spectra. Through the use of GC and GC-MS, two sesquiterpenoids, a-cadinol (12.5 percent) and spatulenol (12.0 percent) were identified as the major constituents of the essential oil.

Anorectic and behavioural effects of chronic Cissampelos sympodialis treatment in female and male rats.

Male and female rats were treated daily for 13 weeks with an ethanol extract of Cissampelos sympodialis leaves (9, 45 and 225 mg[sol ]kg). The food consumption, body weight and behavioural effects in the open-field test were evaluated by weekly monitoring. The results showed that the extract chronic treatment in female rats (45 and 225 mg[sol ]kg) reduced significantly the food intake and the body weight, and produced several alterations in the open-field test. These findings indicate that repeated oral administration of the extract may produce a sex-dependent difference in anoretic and behavioural effects.

Flavonóides glicosilados de Herissantia tiubae (K. Schum) Brizicky (Malvaceae) e testes farmacológicos preliminares do canferol 3,7-di-O-a-L-ramnopiranosídeo / Glycosyl flavonoids from Herissantia tiubae (K. Schum) Brizicky (Malvaceae) and preliminary tests of kaempferol 3,7-di-O-a-L-rhamnopyranoside

Das partes aéreas de Herissantia tiubae (K. Schum.) Brizicky foram isolados, através de métodos cromatográficos, dois flavonóides glicosilados, canferol 3,7-di-O-a-L-ramnopiranosídeo e canferol 3-b-O-D-(6’’-E-p-cumaroil) glicosídeo. As estruturas foram identificadas com o uso de técnicas espectroscópicas de IV, RMN ¹H e 13C incluindo métodos bidimensionais, além de comparações com dados da literatura. O canferol 3,7-di-O-a-L-ramnopiranosídeo foi submetido a testes farmacológicos preliminares com a finalidade de avaliar o seu efeito sobre o sistema cardiovascular.

From the aerial parts of Herissantia tiubae (K. Schum.) Brizicky two flavonol glycosides were isolated by means of chromatographic methods, kaempferol 3,7-di-O-a-L-rhamnopyranoside and kaempferol 3-O-b-D-(6’’-E-p-coumaroyl) glucoside. Their structural identification was made by IV, ¹H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, including two dimensional techniques, together with comparison with literatura data. Preliminary tests were carried out with kaempferol 3,7-di-O-a-L-rhamnopyranoside in order to study its possible cardiovascular effect.

Ecdisteróide e iridóide glicosilado de Vitex gardneriana Schauer (Verbenaceae) / Ecdysteroid and iridoid glycoside from Vitex gardneriana Schauer (Verbenaceae)

O extrato metanólico das cascas do caule de Vitex gardneriana Schauer forneceu o ecdisteróide, 20-hidroxi-ecdisona e o iridóide glicosilado, aucubina. As estruturas foram caracterizadas por métodos químicos e espectroscópicos.

The methanolic extract of the stem bark of Vitex gardneriana Schauer afforded the ecdysteroid, 20-hydroxy-ecdysone and the iridoid glycoside, aucubin. Their structures were established on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic studies.