ABSTRACT
Vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) and Zyxin are interacting proteins involved in cellular adhesion and motility. PKA phosphorylates VASP at serine 157, regulating VASP cellular functions. VASP interacts with ABL and is a substrate of the BCR-ABL oncoprotein. The presence of BCR-ABL protein drives oncogenesis in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) due to a constitutive activation of tyrosine kinase activity. However, the function of VASP and Zyxin in BCR-ABL pathway and the role of VASP in CML cells remain unknown. In vitro experiments using K562 cells showed the involvement of VASP in BCR-ABL signaling. VASP and Zyxin inhibition decreased the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins, BCL2 and BCL-XL. Imatinib induced an increase in phosphorylation at Ser157 of VASP and decreased VASP and BCR-ABL interaction. VASP did not interact with Zyxin in K562 cells; however, after Imatinib treatment, this interaction was restored. Corroborating our data, we demonstrated the absence of phosphorylation at Ser157 in VASP in the bone marrow of CML patients, in contrast to healthy donors. Phosphorylation of VASP on Ser157 was restored in Imatinib responsive patients though not in the resistant patients. Therefore, we herein identified a possible role of VASP in CML pathogenesis, through the regulation of BCR-ABL effector proteins or the absence of phosphorylation at Ser157 in VASP.
Subject(s)
Benzamides/pharmacology , Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism , Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/metabolism , Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism , Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology , Microfilament Proteins/metabolism , Phosphoproteins/metabolism , Piperazines/pharmacology , Pyrimidines/pharmacology , Zyxin/metabolism , Apoptosis/drug effects , Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism , Bone Marrow Cells/pathology , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Clone Cells , Focal Adhesion Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism , Gene Knockdown Techniques , Gene Silencing/drug effects , Humans , Imatinib Mesylate , K562 Cells , Phosphorylation/drug effects , Phosphoserine/metabolism , Protein Binding/drug effects , bcl-X Protein/metabolismABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Several Rho GTPase-activating proteins (RhoGAPs) are implicated in tumor progression through their effects on Rho GTPase activity. ARHGAP21 is a RhoGAP with increased expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and with a possible role in glioblastoma tumor progression, yet little is known about the function of ARHGAP21 in cancer cells. Here we studied the role of ARHGAP21 in two prostate adenocarcinoma cell lines, LNCaP and PC3, which respectively represent initial and advanced stages of prostate carcinogenesis. RESULTS: ARHGAP21 is located in the nucleus and cytoplasm of both cell lines and its depletion resulted in decreased proliferation and increased migration of PC3 cells but not LNCaP cells. In PC3 cells, ARHGAP21 presented GAP activity for RhoA and RhoC and induced changes in cell morphology. Moreover, its silencing altered the expression of genes involved in cell proliferation and cytoskeleton organization, as well as the endothelin-1 canonical pathway. CONCLUSIONS: Our results reveal new functions and signaling pathways regulated by ARHGAP21, and indicate that it could contribute to prostate cancer progression.
Subject(s)
Adenocarcinoma/pathology , Cell Movement , Cell Proliferation , GTPase-Activating Proteins/physiology , Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology , Adenocarcinoma/metabolism , Base Sequence , Cell Line, Tumor , DNA Primers , GTPase-Activating Proteins/genetics , Gene Silencing , Humans , In Situ Nick-End Labeling , Male , Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionABSTRACT
Cell-cell adhesions and the cytoskeletons play important and coordinated roles in cell biology, including cell differentiation, development, and migration. Adhesion and cytoskeletal dynamics are regulated by Rho-GTPases. ARHGAP21 is a negative regulator of Rho-GTPases, particularly Cdc42. Here we assess the function of ARHGAP21 in cell-cell adhesion, cell migration, and scattering. We find that ARHGAP21 is localized in the nucleus, cytoplasm, or perinuclear region but is transiently redistributed to cell-cell junctions 4 h after initiation of cell-cell adhesion. ARHGAP21 interacts with Cdc42, and decreased Cdc42 activity coincides with the appearance of ARHGAP21 at the cell-cell junctions. Cells lacking ARHGAP21 expression show weaker cell-cell adhesions, increased cell migration, and a diminished ability to undergo hepatocyte growth factor-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In addition, ARHGAP21 interacts with α-tubulin, and it is essential for α-tubulin acetylation in EMT. Our findings indicate that ARHGAP21 is a Rho-GAP involved in cell-cell junction remodeling and that ARHGAP21 affects migration and EMT through α-tubulin interaction and acetylation.
Subject(s)
Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition , Epithelium/metabolism , GTPase-Activating Proteins/physiology , Tubulin/metabolism , Acetylation , Animals , Cell Adhesion , Cell Communication , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Movement , Dogs , GTPase-Activating Proteins/metabolism , Humans , Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells , Neoplasm Metastasis , RNA Interference , Time Factors , cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein/metabolismABSTRACT
ARHGAP21 is a 217 kDa RhoGAP protein shown to modulate cell migration through the control of Cdc42 and FAK activities. In the present work a 250 kDa-ARHGAP21 was identified by mass spectrometry. This modified form is differentially expressed among cell lines and human primary cells. Co-immunoprecipitations and in vitro SUMOylation confirmed ARHGAP21 specific modification by SUMO2/3 and mapped the SUMOylation site to ARHGAP21 lysine K1443. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that ARHGAP21 co-localizes with SUMO2/3 in the cytoplasm and membrane compartments. Interestingly, our results suggest that ARHGAP21 SUMOylation may be related to cell proliferation. Therefore, SUMOylation of ARHGAP21 may represent a way of guiding its function.
Subject(s)
GTPase-Activating Proteins/metabolism , Small Ubiquitin-Related Modifier Proteins/metabolism , Ubiquitins/metabolism , Amino Acid Sequence , Binding Sites , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation , GTPase-Activating Proteins/chemistry , GTPase-Activating Proteins/genetics , HEK293 Cells , Humans , Lysine/chemistry , Molecular Sequence Data , Protein Processing, Post-Translational , Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry , Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics , Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism , SumoylationABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the protein and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of La/SSB, Ro/SSA 60, and Ro/SSA 52 antigens in minor salivary glands (MSG) from patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). METHODS: La/SSB, Ro/SSA 60, and Ro/SSA 52 protein expression was studied by immunohistochemistry in MSG from 26 patients with pSS and 16 controls. mRNA expression was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction in MSG of 10 patients with pSS and 7 controls. RESULTS: La/SSB and Ro/SSA 60, but not Ro/SSA 52, mRNA expression was higher in samples from patients with pSS compared to controls (p < 0.05). La/SSB protein had higher expression in the cytoplasm of ductal cells than in the cytoplasm of mucous acinar cells in patients with pSS (p = 0.013) but not in controls. Ro/SSA 60 had higher expression in the cytoplasm of ductal cells than in the cytoplasm of serous acinar cells in patients with pSS (p = 0.006) but not in controls. The Ro/SSA 52 expression pattern was similar in patients and controls. There was no association between circulating autoantibodies to Ro/SSA or La/SSB and the aberrant expression of the cognate autoantigens. CONCLUSION: The increased Ro/SSA 60 and La/SSB mRNA expression in MSG of patients with pSS as well as the differential Ro/SSA 60 and La/SSB protein expression in ductal cells of MSG in patients with pSS suggest that these these 2 autoantigens, but not Ro/SSA 52, are probably involved in triggering and maintaining the tissue-specific autoimmune response in pSS MSG and may contribute to the antigen-driven immune response and local autoantibody production in pSS.
