ABSTRACT
A diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method is presented for differentiating among the North American internal apple-feeding pests codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.); oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck); lesser appleworm, Grapholita prunivora (Walsh); and cherry fruitworm, Grapholita packardi Zeller. An approximately 470-bp fragment of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) was sequenced in three to six specimens of each species. Consistent and diagnostic differences were observed among the species in two regions of COI from which forward and reverse primers were designed to amplify a 112-116-bp segment of the gene. The primer sets were used to selectively amplify DNA from specimens of diverse geographic origin for each corresponding target species. Protocols were adapted for conventional and quantitative PCR, the latter being substantially faster. The method was validated as a decision-making tool for quarantine identifications for Mexico by representatives of their phytosanitary agency (Sanidad Vegetal). The method can facilitate identification of intercepted internal feeding Lepidoptera in apple and pear for many other importing nations.
Subject(s)
DNA/analysis , Fruit , Insect Control , Moths/classification , Moths/genetics , Animals , Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics , Insect Control/methods , Malus , Mitochondria/enzymology , Pyrus , Sequence Analysis, DNAABSTRACT
High levels of resistance to Apion godinani Wagner have been reported in bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L., landraces from Mexico. We report on the role of hypersensitivity to A. godmani in five resistant and three susceptible bean genotypes. In susceptible genotypes (cultivars 'Canario 107','Jamapa', and 'Zacatecas 45'), the eggs and first instars of A. godmani were embedded in the pod mesocarp and usually were surrounded by healthy tissue. In contrast, in resistant landraces ('Amarillo 154', 'Amarillo 155', 'J-117', 'Puebla 36', and 'Pinto 168'), necrotic tissues developed concentrically around the oviposition site, encapsulating eggs and dead larvae. An inverse relationship between percentage egg and larval encapsulation at the early immature pod stages and percentage of damaged seeds at harvest was found. Results indicate that hypersensitivity in developing pods plays an important role in antibiosis to A. godmani in beans. This information will facilitate future genetic and biochemical research and provide much needed information concerning the phenotypic basis of resistance to A. godmani in bean.
Subject(s)
Coleoptera/physiology , Fabaceae/physiology , Pest Control, Biological , Animals , SeedsABSTRACT
A coleopteran cell line (AGE) derived from the cotton boll weevil Anthonomus grandis supported replication of Autographa californica multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV). The titer of extracellular virus (ECV) and the number of occlusion bodies (OB) produced in AGE cells were approximately equal to those produced by a Trichoplusia ni cell line (TN-CL1), and the OB produced by both cell lines were equally infectious for T. ni larvae. The identity of the AGE cell line was established by chromosome and isoenzyme analyses.
Subject(s)
Baculoviridae/physiology , Coleoptera/microbiology , Virus Replication , Animals , Baculoviridae/ultrastructure , Cell Line , Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase/analysis , Isoenzymes/analysis , LepidopteraABSTRACT
To find out the extent of the hypoglycemic effect of crude extracts of Opuntia streptacantha eight patients with type II diabetes mellitus were studied. Five tests were performed to each patients with the intake of (A) supernatant, (B) precipitate, (C) complete homogenate of 500 g of crude O. streptacantha stem (D) 400 ml of water, and (E) 500 g of broiled Opuntia stems. Serum glucose levels were measured at 0,30,60,120 and 180 minutes. Crude extracts did not cause a significant decrease of glycemia, and the results were similar to the water control test (P greater than 0.05). The intake of broiled Opuntia stems caused a significant decrease of serum glucose level, that reached 48.3 +/- 16.2 mg/dl lower than basal values at 180 minutes (P less than 0.01). Perhaps heating of O. streptacantha is necessary to obtain the hypoglycemic effect.
