ABSTRACT
Malpighia emarginata has a high amount of vitamin C with pharmacological or food preservation potential. However, despite its wide use and application possibilities its toxicity in repeated doses and for a long time (6 months) has not yet been studied. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the acute toxicity and repeated doses from fruits of this plant. The extract was produced with the pulp (EMe) of the lyophilized fruit and submitted to chromatographic and spectroscopic analysis (HPLC and ESI-IT-MSn). In the acute test, the EMe was administered orally and parenterally to rodents (mice and rats) for 14 days, at a dose of 2000 mg/kg. Subsequently, the repeated dose toxicity test was administered orally for 180 days at doses of 50, 300 or 1000 mg/kg. The HPLC assay revealed a high concentration of vitamin C (16.3%), and spectroscopic analyses pointed to the presence of five other polyphenolic compounds. In the acute test, the plant extract showed no apparent toxicity or lethality in rodents. The LD50 was estimated to be greater than 2000 mg/kg and falls into category 5 (low toxicity). In the repeated dose assay, there was no evidence of toxicity, and no differences were observed in water intake, food, weight development, or behavior of the animals in relation to the vehicle group (water). However, hematological and biochemical evaluations pointed out some nonconformities in the levels of cholesterol, leukocytes, and neutrophils of the male rats, but overall, these results did not reveal significant toxicity. Therefore, the Level of Unobserved Adverse Effects (NOAEL) was 1000 mg/kg. Together, the results suggest that the extract obtained from the fruits of M. emarginata does not present representative toxicity in rodents.
Subject(s)
Fruit , Rodentia , Rats , Mice , Animals , Fruit/toxicity , Fruit/chemistry , Ascorbic Acid , Rutin , Plant Extracts , Water , Toxicity Tests, AcuteABSTRACT
Objetivo: conhecer as vivências de familiares de adolescentes diagnosticados com Diabetes Mellitus tipo 1, relacionadas à convivência, cuidados e mudanças geradas pela doença crônica. Método: estudo qualitativo, realizado entre novembro 2017 e maio 2018 com 48 familiares de adolescentes com Diabetes Mellitus tipo 1, membros da rede social Facebook. Dados analisados segundo análise de conteúdo. Resultados: maioria de participantes eram mães, residentes no Centro-Oeste do Brasil, com idades entre 41 e 60 anos, nível superior e empregadas. Foram construídas três categorias para abordar a convivência familiar, cuidados constantes e adaptações requeridas pela doença crônica. Considerações finais: familiares de adolescentes diagnosticados com Diabetes Mellitus tipo 1 vivenciavam desafios diários, permeados por dificuldades, medos, culpas e incertezas quanto ao futuro. Dentre os desafios destacaram-se as mudanças decorrentes da condição crônica na rotina, cuidados constantes, dedicação exclusiva ao adolescente. A doença crônica possibilitou adoção de hábitos saudáveis de vida e maior cumplicidade familiar.
Objetivo: conocer las vivencias de los familiares de adolescentes diagnosticados con Diabetes Mellitus tipo 1, relacionadas con la convivencia, los cuidados y los cambios provocados por la enfermedad crónica. Métodos estudio cualitativo, realizado entre noviembre de 2017 y mayo de 2018 con 48 familiares de adolescentes con Diabetes Mellitus tipo 1, miembros de la red social Facebook. Los datos se analizaron según el análisis de contenido. Resultados la mayoría de las participantes eran madres, residentes en el centro-oeste de Brasil, con edades comprendidas entre los 41 y los 60 años, con un nivel de estudios superior y empleadas. Se construyeron tres categorías para abordar la convivencia familiar, los cuidados constantes y las adaptaciones requeridas por la enfermedad crónica. Consideraciones Finales: los familiares de los adolescentes diagnosticados con Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1 experimentaron desafíos diarios, permeados por las dificultades, los temores, la culpa y la incertidumbre sobre el futuro. Entre los desafíos estaban los cambios derivados de la condición crónica en la rutina, la atención constante, la dedicación exclusiva al adolescente. La enfermedad crónica permitió la adopción de hábitos de vida saludables y una mayor complicidad familiar.
Objective: to know the experiences of family members of adolescents diagnosed with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus, related to coexistence, care, and changes generated by the chronic disease. Method: qualitative study conducted between November 2017 and May 2018 with 48 family members of adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus, members of the social network Facebook. Data analyzed according to content analysis. Results: most participants were mothers, living in the Midwest of Brazil, aged between 41 and 60 years, with a college degree, and employed. Three categories were constructed to address family coexistence, constant care, and adaptations required by the chronic disease. Final considerations: family members of adolescents diagnosed with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus experienced daily challenges, permeated by difficulties, fears, guilt and uncertainty about the future. Among the challenges were highlighted the changes resulting from the chronic condition in the routine, constant care, exclusive dedication to the teenager. The chronic disease enabled the adoption of healthy lifestyle habits and greater family complicity.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Caregivers/psychology , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 , Home Nursing , Chronic Disease , Adolescent , Qualitative ResearchABSTRACT
Enquadramento: A diabetes mellitus tipo 1 é uma doença crónica que afeta frequentemente adolescentes, exigindo maturidade, responsabilidade, aceitação e cuidados constantes. Objetivos: Compreender como é para os adolescentes viver com diabetes mellitus tipo 1 e descrever o perfil sociodemográfico dos adolescentes com diabetes mellitus tipo 1. Metodologia: Pesquisa exploratória, descritiva, quantiqualitativa, com 61 adolescentes, diagnosticados com diabetes mellitus tipo 1, seguidores da página do facebook Diabética tipo Ruim. Resultados: A maioria dos participantes é do sexo masculino (78,68%), cor da pele branca (60,65%), estudante (80,16%), residente na região sudeste do Brasil (40,98%), com idade entre 15 e 18 anos (60,65%). Os sentimentos em relação ao diagnóstico foram medo (31,66%), tristeza (22,95%) e revolta (14,75%). Os dados qualitativos foram discutidos em três categorias: Impacto do diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus na vida dos adolescentes; Aceitar a doença para viver melhor; Família, amigos e profissionais de saúde como rede de apoio. Conclusão: A diabetes mellitus produz um grande impacto na rotina do adolescente, requerendo autocuidado e rede de apoio constituída por família, amigos e profissionais de saúde.
Background: Type 1 diabetes is a common chronic disease in adolescents and requires maturity, responsibility, acceptance, and constant care. Objectives: To understand how adolescents live with type 1 diabetes and describe their sociodemographic profile. Methodology: A quantitative/qualitative exploratory, descriptive research was conducted with 61 adolescents diagnosed with type 1 diabetes who followed the Facebook page Diabética tipo Ruim. Results: The majority of the participants were male (78.68%), White (60.65%), students (80.16%), aged 15 to 18 years (60.65%), and lived in Southeastern Brazil (40.98%). They reported feelings of fear (31.66%), sadness (22.95%), and anger (14.75%) toward the diagnosis. Qualitative data were divided into three categories: Impact of the diagnosis of diabetes on the adolescents' lives; Accepting the disease to live better; Family, friends, and health professionals as a support network. Conclusion: Diabetes has a major impact on the daily lives of adolescents, requiring self-care and a support network composed of family, friends, and health professionals.
Marco contextual: La diabetes mellitus tipo 1 es una enfermedad crónica que suele afectar a los adolescentes y que requiere madurez, responsabilidad, aceptación y cuidados constantes. Objetivos: Comprender cómo es para los adolescentes vivir con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 y describir el perfil sociodemográfico de los adolescentes con diabetes mellitus tipo 1. Metodología: Investigación exploratoria, descriptiva y cuantitativa con 61 adolescentes diagnosticados con diabetes mellitus tipo 1, seguidores de la página de Facebook Diabética Tipo Ruim. Resultados: La mayoría de los participantes es del sexo masculino (78,68%), de piel blanca (60,65%), estudiantes (80,16%), que viven en la región sudeste de Brasil (40,98%), con edades comprendidas entre 15 y 18 años (60,65%). Los sentimientos respecto al diagnóstico fueron miedo (31,66%), tristeza (22,95%) y rabia (14,75%). Los datos cualitativos se examinaron en tres categorías: Impacto del diagnóstico de la diabetes mellitus en la vida de los adolescentes; Aceptar la enfermedad para vivir mejor; Familia, amigos y profesionales de la salud como red de apoyo. Conclusión: La diabetes mellitus produce un gran impacto en la rutina del adolescente, ya que requiere autocuidado y una red de apoyo formada por la familia, los amigos y los profesionales de la salud.
