Panorama atual do ensino em cirurgia ginecológica minimamente invasiva / Current overview of teaching in minimally invasive gynecologic surgery

A evolução contínua das áreas cirúrgicas se deve a estudos e pesquisas, avanços tecnológicos e desenvolvimento de equipamentos mais avançados. A cirurgia minimamente invasiva, incluindo a videolaparoscopia, histeroscopia e cirurgia robótica, tem sido impactada significativamente pelos avanços cirúrgicos. As técnicas minimamente invasivas têm se tornado padrão-ouro no diagnóstico e tratamento de doenças ginecológicas, proporcionando benefícios como redução do tempo cirúrgico, menor dor no pós-operatório e melhoria na qualidade de vida. O treinamento adequado do cirurgião e da equipe é fundamental para o sucesso do tratamento cirúrgico, e o desenvolvimento tecnológico e aprimoramento dos equipamentos impulsionam a cirurgia minimamente invasiva como uma área específica da Ginecologia. Métodos seguros de treinamento, como laboratórios de simulação, permitem o aprimoramento gradual das habilidades dos cirurgiões em formação, preparando-os para uma prática segura e eficaz. A literatura fornece ferramentas e conceitos para o treinamento em cirurgia minimamente invasiva, visando formar residentes e novos cirurgiões.

Metabolomic Profiling of Peripheral Plasma by GC-MS and Correlation With Size of Uterine Leiomyomas.

Background: Uterine leiomyomas are benign monoclonal tumors originating from the myometrium. Little information exists concerning metabolomics and the presence of leiomyomas. Objective: The present study evaluated circulating metabolites in the plasma and their correlation with the presence and size of leiomyomas. Study Design: Cross-sectional observational study, including women divided into 3 groups: 37 with leiomyomas and uterus >500 cm3, 17 with leiomyomas and uterus ≤150 cm3, and 21 leiomyoma-free. Patients underwent peripheral blood collection using untargeted metabolic assessment by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometer. Results: There was no statistical difference between patients' anthropometric and demographic features and laboratory tests. Statistical differences in uterus volume (P < 0.0001) were found. Forty-six metabolites were identified (35% amino acids and derivatives, 22% fatty acids, and 18% carbohydrates). Statistically significant metabolic distinction (P < 0.05, false discovery rate< 0.05) was observed for 14 metabolites. Most amino acids (L-isoleucine, L-valine, and pyroglutamic acid) were significantly reduced in plasma levels of patients with large leiomyomas. The only exception was L-glutamine, with a significant increase. Fatty acids (arachidonic acid, alfa-tocopherol, palmitic acid, and stearic acid) were similarly reduced in large leiomyomas patients, except for alpha-linolenic acid, which increased. For carbohydrates (myo-inositol, D-threitol, and D-ribose), there was a decrease in the plasma of patients with leiomyomas. Conclusion: There are different plasma metabolites levels of amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates among patients with leiomyomas, most of them reduced, but some significantly increased in large leiomyomas, compared to leiomyoma-free patients.

Tricky Diagnosis and Robot-laparoscopic Surgical Approach to Disseminated Peritoneal Leiomyomatosis.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To show the challenging diagnosis of, and safe robotic surgical approach to, a rare case of disseminated peritoneal leiomyomatosis (DPL). DESIGN: A clinical case shown by a sequential demonstration of investigation, diagnosis, and surgical approach, with narrated video footage. SETTING: DPL is a rare disease, with only a little more than 150 cases reported in the literature [1]. It is defined by subperitoneal proliferation of benign smooth muscle cell nodules, macroscopically mimicking peritoneal carcinomatosis [2]. The etiology remains unclear, but different hypotheses have been put forward, such as subperitoneal mesenchymal stem cell metaplasia and iatrogenic origin after myomectomy [3]. Despite its usual benign behavior, DPL can rarely present with malignant degeneration, and therefore a complete resection of multiple lesions is recommended [4]. This case involves a 45-year-old patient presenting with dysmenorrhea, abdominal pain, and major abnormal uterine bleeding, requiring previous blood transfusion and no response after 2 years of clinical treatment. She had a previous cesarean delivery, with no reproductive desire at present and no history of other pelvic surgeries. Pelvic examination showed an enlarged mobile uterus at the height of the pubic symphysis, and both ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging confirmed an enlarged uterus due to multiple myomas. INTERVENTIONS: (1) Diagnostic laparoscopy with implant biopsies and uterine curettage for investigation of DPL and its differential diagnoses, followed by robot-assisted laparoscopic approach, with key strategies for a safe performance. (2) Radical hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, omentectomy, and wide pelvic peritoneal resection were performed. (3) For this complex procedure, the identification and preservation of important landmarks and pelvic anatomy were mandatory, as well as removal of all surgical specimens in monobloc. Final pathology report: disseminated leiomyomatosis with no evidence of malignancy. The patient had no complications after surgery and was discharged on the second postoperative day with mild abdominal pain. CONCLUSION: DPL diagnosis can be tricky owing to its macroscopic similarity to peritoneal carcinomatosis and the difficulty of identification in imaging examinations. Moreover, the robotic platform can be a helpful and safe tool for the surgical treatment of DPL and complete resection of all peritoneal lesions.

Evaluation of a Laparoscopic Multi-approach Training for Obstetrics and Gynecology Residents / Avaliação de Treinamento de Múltiplas Abordagens em Laparoscopia para Residentes de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia

Abstract Objective To analyze the applicability and efficiency of amulti-approach laparoscopic training in improving basic laparoscopic skills of obstetrics and gynecology (OBGYN) residents. Methods Cross-sectional, observational and descriptive study, developed at the Experimentation and Surgery Training Center (CETEC, in the Portuguese acronym) of the Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein with OBGYN residents. Theoretical and practical tests were applied to 24 OBGYN residents to assess their laparoscopic skills before and after their participation in an 8-week course. The course involved theoretical lectures and practical laparoscopic surgery exercises developed using rubber models, black boxes, virtual simulators and animal models (pigs). Results There was an overall improvement in the ability of the residents, with an increase in the number of correct answers in the theoretical evaluation and decrease in the time needed to perform practical tests (needle holder assembly and laparoscopic node). The course was evaluated by the students as highly relevant for both improving their surgical skills and motivating them to continue practicing. Conclusion Laparoscopic training using multiple approaches resulted in significant improvement of surgical skills with a high satisfaction level of the participants. Further studies are still needed to measure the long-term retention of these acquired skills.

Resumo Objetivo Analisar a aplicabilidade e eficiência de um treinamento em laparoscopia com múltiplas abordagens, em melhorar as habilidades laparoscópicas básicas de residentes de ginecologia e obstetrícia (GO). Métodos Estudo transversal, observacional e descritivo, desenvolvido no Centro de Treinamento em Experimentação e Cirurgia (CETEC) do Instituto de Pesquisa do Hospital Albert Einstein com residentes de GO. Foram aplicadas avaliações teóricas e práticas a 24 residentes de GO com o objetivo de avaliar suas habilidades laparoscópicas antes e após sua participação em um curso de 8 semanas. O curso envolveu palestras teóricas e exercícios práticos de cirurgia laparoscópica através de modelos de borracha, caixas pretas, simuladores virtuais e modelos animais (porcos). Resultados Houve uma melhora geral na habilidade dos residentes, comaumento do número de respostas corretas na avaliação teórica e diminuição do tempo na execução dos testes práticos (montagem do porta-agulha e realização de nó laparoscópico). O curso foi avaliado pelos alunos como altamente relevante por melhorar suas habilidades cirúrgicas e motivá-los a continuar praticando. Conclusão O treinamento laparoscópico utilizando múltiplas abordagens resultou em melhora significativa das habilidades cirúrgicas atrelado a alto nível de satisfação dos participantes. Novos estudos ainda são necessários para mensurar a retenção destas habilidades adquiridas a longo prazo.

Evaluation of a Laparoscopic Multi-approach Training for Obstetrics and Gynecology Residents.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the applicability and efficiency of a multi-approach laparoscopic training in improving basic laparoscopic skills of obstetrics and gynecology (OBGYN) residents. METHODS: Cross-sectional, observational and descriptive study, developed at the Experimentation and Surgery Training Center (CETEC, in the Portuguese acronym) of the Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein with OBGYN residents. Theoretical and practical tests were applied to 24 OBGYN residents to assess their laparoscopic skills before and after their participation in an 8-week course. The course involved theoretical lectures and practical laparoscopic surgery exercises developed using rubber models, black boxes, virtual simulators and animal models (pigs). RESULTS: There was an overall improvement in the ability of the residents, with an increase in the number of correct answers in the theoretical evaluation and decrease in the time needed to perform practical tests (needle holder assembly and laparoscopic node). The course was evaluated by the students as highly relevant for both improving their surgical skills and motivating them to continue practicing. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic training using multiple approaches resulted in significant improvement of surgical skills with a high satisfaction level of the participants. Further studies are still needed to measure the long-term retention of these acquired skills.

OBJETIVO: Analisar a aplicabilidade e eficiência de um treinamento em laparoscopia com múltiplas abordagens, em melhorar as habilidades laparoscópicas básicas de residentes de ginecologia e obstetrícia (GO). MéTODOS: Estudo transversal, observacional e descritivo, desenvolvido no Centro de Treinamento em Experimentação e Cirurgia (CETEC) do Instituto de Pesquisa do Hospital Albert Einstein com residentes de GO. Foram aplicadas avaliações teóricas e práticas a 24 residentes de GO com o objetivo de avaliar suas habilidades laparoscópicas antes e após sua participação em um curso de 8 semanas. O curso envolveu palestras teóricas e exercícios práticos de cirurgia laparoscópica através de modelos de borracha, caixas pretas, simuladores virtuais e modelos animais (porcos). RESULTADOS: Houve uma melhora geral na habilidade dos residentes, com aumento do número de respostas corretas na avaliação teórica e diminuição do tempo na execução dos testes práticos (montagem do porta-agulha e realização de nó laparoscópico). O curso foi avaliado pelos alunos como altamente relevante por melhorar suas habilidades cirúrgicas e motivá-los a continuar praticando. CONCLUSãO: O treinamento laparoscópico utilizando múltiplas abordagens resultou em melhora significativa das habilidades cirúrgicas atrelado a alto nível de satisfação dos participantes. Novos estudos ainda são necessários para mensurar a retenção destas habilidades adquiridas a longo prazo.

Initial experience with single-port robotic hysterectomy / Experiência inicial com histerectomia robótica por portal único

ABSTRACT Objective: This article presents the first series of robotic single-port hysterectomy cases performed at a hospital in Brazil. Methods: From November 2014 to October 2016, 11 patients were indicated to undergo, and nine of them were submitted to single-port hysterectomy using da Vinci Single-Site® platform. However, in two patients, due to multiple previous abdominal surgeries, large uterine volume, and/or a uterus with no mobility, a pneumoperitoneum was performed with a Verres needle, and the pelvic cavity was assessed using a 5mm optics endoscope. In these cases, single-port surgery was not recommended; therefore, multiportal robotic access was chosen, and no intercurrent events were reported. Nine single-port cases were operated on by the same surgeon at Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein. Patient data analyzed included age, body mass index, previous surgeries, and clinical diagnosis. Surgical data included operative time, skin incision, report of intraoperative complications, need for conversion to laparotomy, need for transfer to intensive care unit, need for blood transfusion, inadvertent injury to other organs, length of hospital stay, and death. Results: All cases were completed with da Vinci Single-Site® system, with no intercurrent events. Four patients presented with adenomyosis as the surgical indication, two had uterine myoma, one endometrial cancer, one endometrial polyp, and one desquamative inflammatory vaginitis. The mean age of patients was 44 years (range, 40 to 54 years), and body mass index varied between 23.4 and 33.2kg/m2 (mean 26.4). No complications occurred in any of the cases, such as intestinal or bladder injury, bleeding, or the need for a second surgery. All nine procedures were completed with the robotic single-port access, and no patient required a blood transfusion. Conclusion: Although this study merely presented an initial series of patients submitted to robotic single-port surgery, it demonstrated that the method is feasible and safe, suggesting the possible use of this technique in elective hysterectomy and other gynecological procedures in the future, as described in large reference centers of advanced surgery worldwide. Specifically, in gynecological practice, existing evidence on the use of robot-assisted, single-port surgery seems promising, and although it is not indicated in all cases, it should be considered as a surgical option. Nonetheless, further randomized and controlled clinical studies are necessary to establish the preeminence of robot-assisted, single-port surgery versus single-incision and conventional laparoscopy.

RESUMO Objetivo: Apresentar a primeira série de casos de histerectomia usando sistema robótico de portal único (single-port) em hospital no Brasil. Métodos: No período de novembro de 2014 a outubro 2016, de modo inédito no Brasil, 11 pacientes tiveram indicação inicial e 9 delas foram submetidas à histerectomia por portal único, com a plataforma da Vinci Single-Site®. Em duas pacientes, devido a múltiplas cirurgias abdominais prévias, grande volume uterino e/ou útero sem mobilidade, optou-se pela instalação de pneumoperitônio com agulha de Verres e inspeção da cavidade pélvica com ótica de 5mm, constatando-se, nestes casos, não ser viável a cirurgia por single-port, levando-se, assim, à opção pela técnica robótica multiportal, sem intercorrências. Os nove casos single-port foram operados por um mesmo cirurgião, no Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein. Os dados analisados das pacientes foram idade, índice de massa corporal, cirurgias anteriores e diagnóstico clínico. Os dados relacionados à cirurgia foram tempo operatório, incisão da pele, registro de complicações intraoperatórias, necessidade de conversão para laparotomia, necessidade de transferência para unidade de terapia intensiva, necessidade de transfusão sanguínea, lesão inadivertida de outros órgãos, tempo de internação e óbito. Resultados: Todos os casos foram concluídos sem intercorrências com a plataforma da Vinci Single-Site®. Quatro pacientes apresentavam adenomiose como indicação cirúrgica, duas apresentavam mioma uterino, uma câncer de endométrio, um pólipo endometrial e uma hidrorreia. A média de idade das pacientes foi 44 anos (variando de 40 a 54 anos) e o índice de massa corporal variou entre 23,4 a 33,2kg/m2 (média de 26,4). Nenhum caso teve qualquer tipo de complicação, como lesão intestinal ou vesical, sangramento ou necessidade de reabordagem cirúrgica. Todos os nove procedimentos foram concluídos com o portal único robótico, e nenhuma paciente necessitou de transfusão sanguínea. Conclusão: Apesar deste trabalho apresentar apenas uma série inicial de pacientes operadas por portal único robótico, ele demonstra a factibilidade do método e indica a possibilidade futura de adotar esta técnica em histerectomias eletivas e em outros procedimentos ginecológicos, assim como descrito em grandes centros de referência em cirurgia avançada no mundo. Especificamente na prática ginecológica, a evidência existente sobre o uso de portal único robô-assistido parece ser promissora e, ainda que nem todos os casos tenham indicação, é necessário que exista esta opção no arsenal cirúrgico. No entanto, estudos clínicos aleatorizados e controlados são necessários, a fim de se estabelecer a superioridade da cirurgia robótica por portal único diante da cirurgia laparoscópica com incisão única e da cirurgia laparoscópica convencional.

Initial experience with single-port robotic hysterectomy.

OBJECTIVE: This article presents the first series of robotic single-port hysterectomy cases performed at a hospital in Brazil. METHODS: From November 2014 to October 2016, 11 patients were indicated to undergo, and nine of them were submitted to single-port hysterectomy using da Vinci Single-Site® platform. However, in two patients, due to multiple previous abdominal surgeries, large uterine volume, and/or a uterus with no mobility, a pneumoperitoneum was performed with a Verres needle, and the pelvic cavity was assessed using a 5mm optics endoscope. In these cases, single-port surgery was not recommended; therefore, multiportal robotic access was chosen, and no intercurrent events were reported. Nine single-port cases were operated on by the same surgeon at Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein. Patient data analyzed included age, body mass index, previous surgeries, and clinical diagnosis. Surgical data included operative time, skin incision, report of intraoperative complications, need for conversion to laparotomy, need for transfer to intensive care unit, need for blood transfusion, inadvertent injury to other organs, length of hospital stay, and death. RESULTS: All cases were completed with da Vinci Single-Site® system, with no intercurrent events. Four patients presented with adenomyosis as the surgical indication, two had uterine myoma, one endometrial cancer, one endometrial polyp, and one desquamative inflammatory vaginitis. The mean age of patients was 44 years (range, 40 to 54 years), and body mass index varied between 23.4 and 33.2kg/m2 (mean 26.4). No complications occurred in any of the cases, such as intestinal or bladder injury, bleeding, or the need for a second surgery. All nine procedures were completed with the robotic single-port access, and no patient required a blood transfusion. CONCLUSION: Although this study merely presented an initial series of patients submitted to robotic single-port surgery, it demonstrated that the method is feasible and safe, suggesting the possible use of this technique in elective hysterectomy and other gynecological procedures in the future, as described in large reference centers of advanced surgery worldwide. Specifically, in gynecological practice, existing evidence on the use of robot-assisted, single-port surgery seems promising, and although it is not indicated in all cases, it should be considered as a surgical option. Nonetheless, further randomized and controlled clinical studies are necessary to establish the preeminence of robot-assisted, single-port surgery versus single-incision and conventional laparoscopy.