ABSTRACT
The total phenolic content (TP) and antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extract and fractions that were obtained from the leaves of Nectandra hihua were assessed using different methods. The ethanolic extract (EE) and ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) had the best antioxidant capacity, which was comparable to butylated hydroxytoluene and quercetin (ABTS+ 2.55⯱â¯0.06, 3.54⯱â¯0.03â¯mmol TE/g; DPPH IC50 10.27⯱â¯0.05, 9.88⯱â¯0.02⯵g/mL; FRAP 2.17⯱â¯0.08, 2.38⯱â¯0.04â¯mmol TE/g; ORAC 5.16⯱â¯0.08, 5.35⯱â¯0.07â¯mmol TE/g; TP 568.05⯱â¯18.15, 397.20⯱â¯17.88â¯mg GAE/g, respectively). The cytoprotective effect, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation inhibitions on L929 fibroblasts irradiated with UVB (600â¯mJ/cm2) in pre- and post-treatments with EE and EAF were determined. These plant materials demonstrated high ROS scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation inhibition on L929 fibroblasts in both treatments, especially with pre-treatment (EE 38.47⯱â¯1.95% and EAF 40.20⯱â¯4.5% inhibition of ROS production, and EE 39.03⯱â¯3.33% and EAF 41.67⯱â¯7.6% of lipid peroxidation inhibition), indicating the best cytoprotection with pre-treatment (13.52⯱â¯1.66% and 13.34⯱â¯2.61% increases in cell viability). The antioxidant flavonoids quercitrin, avicularin, juglalin, afzelin and astragalin were isolated from EAF. The results obtained indicate that EE and EAF present photodamage attenuating potential against UVB-induced oxidative stress and can be useful as a starting point for developing dermatological products to prevent oxidative skin damage.
Subject(s)
Lauraceae/chemistry , Oxidative Stress/radiation effects , Ultraviolet Rays , Antioxidants/chemistry , Antioxidants/isolation & purification , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Cell Line , Cell Survival/drug effects , Cell Survival/radiation effects , Fibroblasts/cytology , Fibroblasts/metabolism , Fibroblasts/radiation effects , Flavonoids/chemistry , Flavonoids/isolation & purification , Flavonoids/pharmacology , Humans , Lauraceae/metabolism , Lipid Peroxidation/drug effects , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Phenols/chemistry , Phenols/isolation & purification , Phenols/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Plant Leaves/chemistry , Plant Leaves/metabolism , Reactive Oxygen Species/chemistry , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolismABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the effect of the solvent on the extraction of antioxidant compounds from black mulberry (Morus nigra), blackberry (Rubus ulmifolius) and strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa). Different extracts of each berry were evaluated from the determination of total phenolic content, anthocyanin content and antioxidant capacity, and data were applied to the principal component analysis (PCA) to gain an overview of the effect of the solvent in extraction method. RESULTS: For all the berries analyzed, acetone/water (70/30, v/v) solvent mixture was more efficient solvent in the extracting of phenolic compounds, and methanol/water/acetic acid (70/29.5/0.5, v/v/v) showed the best values for anthocyanin content. Mixtures of ethanol/water (50/50, v/v), acetone water/acetic acid (70/29.5/0.5, v/v/v) and acetone/water (50/50, v/v) presented the highest antioxidant capacities for black mulberries, blackberries and strawberries, respectively. CONCLUSION: Antioxidants extractions are extremely affected by the solvent combination used. In addition, the obtained extracts with the organic solvent-water mixtures were distinguished from the extracts obtained with pure organic solvents, through the PCA analysis.
