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1.
Anaesthesia ; 72(1): 93-105, 2017 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27988961

ABSTRACT

Previous guidelines on consent for anaesthesia were issued by the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland in 1999 and revised in 2006. The following guidelines have been produced in response to the changing ethical and legal background against which anaesthetists, and also intensivists and pain specialists, currently work, while retaining the key principles of respect for patients' autonomy and the need to provide adequate information. The main points of difference between the relevant legal frameworks in England and Wales and Scotland, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland are also highlighted.


Subject(s)
Anesthesia/standards , Informed Consent/standards , Advance Directives/ethics , Advance Directives/legislation & jurisprudence , Anesthesia/adverse effects , Anesthesia/ethics , Clinical Competence , Disclosure/ethics , Disclosure/standards , Documentation/standards , Ethics, Medical , Humans , Informed Consent/ethics , Informed Consent/legislation & jurisprudence , Ireland , Mental Competency , Patient Participation , United Kingdom
3.
Nature ; 499(7459): 454-7, 2013 Jul 25.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23887429

ABSTRACT

Invaluable records of planetary dynamics and evolution can be recovered from the geochemical systematics of single meteorites. However, the interpreted ages of the ejected igneous crust of Mars differ by up to four billion years, a conundrum due in part to the difficulty of using geochemistry alone to distinguish between the ages of formation and the ages of the impact events that launched debris towards Earth. Here we solve the conundrum by combining in situ electron-beam nanostructural analyses and U-Pb (uranium-lead) isotopic measurements of the resistant micromineral baddeleyite (ZrO2) and host igneous minerals in the highly shock-metamorphosed shergottite Northwest Africa 5298 (ref. 8), which is a basaltic Martian meteorite. We establish that the micro-baddeleyite grains pre-date the launch event because they are shocked, cogenetic with host igneous minerals, and preserve primary igneous growth zoning. The grains least affected by shock disturbance, and which are rich in radiogenic Pb, date the basalt crystallization near the Martian surface to 187 ± 33 million years before present. Primitive, non-radiogenic Pb isotope compositions of the host minerals, common to most shergottites, do not help us to date the meteorite, instead indicating a magma source region that was fractionated more than four billion years ago to form a persistent reservoir so far unique to Mars. Local impact melting during ejection from Mars less than 22 ± 2 million years ago caused the growth of unshocked, launch-generated zircon and the partial disturbance of baddeleyite dates. We can thus confirm the presence of ancient, non-convecting mantle beneath young volcanic Mars, place an upper bound on the interplanetary travel time of the ejected Martian crust, and validate a new approach to the geochronology of the inner Solar System.

4.
Vet Rec ; 96(4): 97, 1975 Jan 25.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-1114643
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