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1.
J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) ; 60(1): 31-38.e1, 2020.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31611005

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists are preferred injectable therapies for type 2 diabetes, but their high cost is an area of concern. This study evaluated monthly glucose-lowering medication cost and clinical impact after initiating a GLP-1 receptor agonist. DESIGN: A retrospective, pre-post cohort study evaluated monthly glucose-lowering medication cost, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), weight, and polytherapy impact (name, dose, and number of daily doses or injections) when a GLP-1 receptor agonist was initiated (baseline) and after 6-12 months (follow-up). The population was analyzed overall and as subgroups, based on baseline medication regimen and demographics. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: The study was performed at 8 ambulatory care sites (7 federally qualified health centers and a Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly) in the greater Boston, MA, area. Patients were included in the analyses (n = 120) if they had a documented diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, were 18 years of age or older, had an HbA1c ≥ 7.5% measured within 3 months prior to the initiation of a GLP-1 receptor agonist, and an HbA1c measured 6 to 12 months following the initiation of a GLP-1 receptor agonist. OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary outomes were changes in glucose-lowering medication cost, HbA1c, and weight. Secondary outcome analyses included the impact to the glucose-lowering medication regimen in terms of dose, number of medications, and number of daily doses or injections. RESULTS: The study population was largely female, aged 55.8 ± 11.7 years, obese, 76% non-Caucasian, equally English and non-English speaking, had a high tablet and injection burden, and had an average baseline HbA1c of 10%. After the addition of a GLP-1 receptor agonist, monthly glucose-lowering medication cost increased $586.86 (overall), $741.69 (oral only baseline regimen), and $530.55 (insulin ± oral baseline regimen) (all P < 0.001). Mean decrease in HbA1c was 1.7% (18 mmol/mol) (P < 0.001) and was similar across all subgroups. Weight decreased overall (-1.8 kg, P < 0.001), and there was a significant shift toward taking fewer oral agents and insulin and fewer daily injections. No statistically significant differences in the primary outcomes were noted in terms of age, gender, English-speaking status, or race. CONCLUSION: Although a positive impact was observed in glycemic control, weight, and reduced polytherapy 6-12 months after initiating a GLP-1 receptor agonist, the increase in monthly glucose-lowering medication cost was significant and may serve as a barrier to treatment.


Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Drug Costs , Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor/agonists , Hypoglycemic Agents/economics , Adult , Blood Glucose , Cohort Studies , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Female , Glucose , Glycated Hemoglobin/analysis , Humans , Retrospective Studies
3.
Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res ; 2(6): 619-24, 2002 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19807486

ABSTRACT

During the last 30 years, therapeutic drug monitoring has evolved from an abstract consideration to a routine intervention. In this increasingly cost-conscious environment, questions are raised about the cost-effectiveness of therapeutic drug monitoring. This review presents the state of therapeutic drug monitoring today, predictions for its near future and the status of economic analyses of the intervention.

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