ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: Vascular binding of dual antiplatelet and anticoagulant (APAC) was assessed in surgically created femoral arteriovenous fistula (AVF) and iliac and carotid artery injury in porcine models. METHODS: Three models of collagen exposing injury were used: 1) femoral AVF, 2) in vivo iliac and carotid artery balloon angioplasty injury, and 3) in vitro femoral artery endothelial denudation injury. Biotinylated APAC (0.5 mg/mL) was incubated with the injury site before releasing blood flow. APAC, von Willebrand factor (vWF), laminin, platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM-1), and podocalyxin were detected in histological sections using immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy and Manders' co-localisation coefficient (M1). RESULTS: APAC bound to AVF at anastomosis and to both in vivo and in vitro injured arteries. APAC co-localised with matrix vWF (M1 ≥ 0.66) and laminin (M1 ≥ 0.60), but less so if endothelial PECAM-1 or podocalyxin was present (M1 ≤ 0.25). APAC targeted and penetrated the injured vessel wall, especially the AVF vein. CONCLUSIONS: APAC, compatible with its high negative charge, rapidly targets injured vessels co-localizing with matrix vWF and laminin, but not with endothelial PECAM-1 and podocalyxin. This localising feature may have potential antithrombotic implications for vascular interventions.
Subject(s)
Anticoagulants/administration & dosage , Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Thrombosis/prevention & control , Vascular System Injuries/drug therapy , Anastomosis, Surgical/adverse effects , Angioplasty, Balloon/adverse effects , Animals , Disease Models, Animal , Drug Combinations , Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects , Endothelium, Vascular/pathology , Female , Femoral Artery/drug effects , Femoral Artery/pathology , Femoral Artery/surgery , Femoral Vein/drug effects , Femoral Vein/pathology , Femoral Vein/surgery , Humans , Iliac Artery/drug effects , Iliac Artery/injuries , Iliac Artery/surgery , Laminin/metabolism , Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism , Sialoglycoproteins/metabolism , Sus scrofa , Thrombosis/etiology , Vascular System Injuries/complications , von Willebrand Factor/metabolismABSTRACT
There is growing evidence that certain reactivation conditions restrict the onset of both the destabilization phase and the restabilization process or reconsolidation. However, it is not yet clear how changes in memory expression during the retrieval experience can influence the emergence of the labilization/reconsolidation process. To address this issue, we used the context-signal memory model of Chasmagnathus. In this paradigm a short reminder that does not include reinforcement allows us to evaluate memory labilization and reconsolidation, whereas a short but reinforced reminder restricts the onset of such a process. The current study investigated the effects of the glutamate antagonists, APV (0.6 or 1.5 µg/g) and CNQX (1 µg/g), prior to the reminder session on both behavioral expression and the reconsolidation process. Under conditions where the reminder does not initiate the labilization/reconsolidation process, APV prevented memory expression without affecting long-term memory retention. In contrast, APV induced amnesic effects in the long-term when administered before a reminder session that triggers reconsolidation. Under the present parametric conditions, the administration of CNQX prior to the reminder that allows memory to enter reconsolidation impairs this process without disrupting memory expression. Overall, the present findings suggest that memory reactivation--but not memory expression--is necessary for labilization and reconsolidation. Retrieval and memory expression therefore appear not to be interchangeable concepts.
Subject(s)
Association Learning/physiology , Memory/physiology , Mental Recall/physiology , Retention, Psychology/physiology , 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione/pharmacology , Animals , Association Learning/drug effects , Brachyura , Escape Reaction/drug effects , Escape Reaction/physiology , Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology , Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic/drug effects , Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic/physiology , Memory/drug effects , Mental Recall/drug effects , Valine/analogs & derivatives , Valine/pharmacologyABSTRACT
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor and the first protein involved in a variety of physiological and toxicological processes, including those of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes. AhR has been found in the ovary of many species and seems to mediate the ovarian toxicity of many environmental contaminants, which are AhR ligands. However, the role of AhR in the ovarian function is unknown. Therefore, the aim of this work was to study the action of α-naphthoflavone (αNF), known to be an AhR antagonist, on both follicular growth and ovulation. Immature Sprague-Dawley rats were daily injected intraperitoneally with αNF (0.1-80 mg/kg) or vehicle for 12 days, and primed with gonadotrophins (eCG/hCG) to induce follicular growth and ovulation. Ovaries were obtained 20 h after hCG administration. By means of immunohistochemistry, we found that the numbers of primordial, primary and antral follicles were increased in rats treated with 80 mg/kg αNF and that there were no differences with other doses. Likewise, the ovarian weight and the ovulation rate, measured by both number of oocytes within oviducts and corpora lutea in ovarian sections, were increased when the rats received either 1 or 10mg/kg daily. Although further studies are necessary to know the mechanism of action of αNF, it is possible that the different ovarian processes can be differentially responsive to the presence of different levels of αNF, and that the same or different endogenous AhR ligands can be involved in these ovarian processes in a cell type-dependent manner.
