Field trials--measuring progress in pollution prevention using a chemical hazard score.

The purpose of this investigation was to demonstrate the feasibility of a method to quantitatively measure achievement (or non-achievement) of reduced pollution generation at the source process in manufacturing, known as pollution prevention. This is societally useful since managers often need quantitative results to justify allocation of resources and United States law has designated pollution prevention as the preferred strategy for managing potential release of hazardous wastes and emissions to the environment. This paper reports the first organized field trials to test the use of the Purdue chemical hazard score to measure progress in pollution prevention. The tests were conducted of 16 processes and one cluster of three plants at the same site, considered here as a unit and called a "facility", at 11 manufacturing facilities in four manufacturing sectors, defined by US Standard Industrial Classifications. These sectors, known to use hazardous chemicals, are manufacture of motor vehicle parts, plastics resins and products, and wood products, as well as metal coating and anodizing. Among these 16 processes and an entire facility, 15 achieved pollution prevention and two did not. The degree of achievement or non-achievement of pollution prevention is quantified by this method. Measurement of progress in pollution prevention is demonstrated for safer chemical substitution, other process change, and both. This demonstration applied to manufacturing processes in which the hazardous input chemicals are not substantially changed by chemical reaction during the manufacturing process, so input masses could be used as surrogates for creation of output hazardous emissions and wastes. This project demonstrated that there was not consistency in measures of production among the facilities and processes monitored, among similar types of products, in the same manufacturing sectors. These production measures also varied in their accuracy, and reasons are given for these differences. In order to measure progress in pollution prevention effectively, and compare results across processes, facilities and sectors, standardized, accurate measures of production level need to be developed, preferably by industry.

Incorporation of potential for multimedia exposure into chemical hazard scores for pollution prevention.

We are reporting a chemical hazard score for pollution prevention, called the Purdue score. The Purdue score provides a relative quantitative measure combining a variety of chemical hazards into a single quantitative hazard weighting factor for the non-expert to use. The main expected uses are to design safer products, assist in implementing and measuring achievement in pollution prevention, and as an adjunct for reporting Toxic Release Inventory data to the U.S. Government. Scoring results are presented for 200 Superfund chemicals, rank ordered by the worker hazard part of the score, by the environmental hazard part, and by combined worker and environmental hazard scores. We have reviewed the extent to which the Purdue score presently incorporates potential for multimedia pathway and multiroute absorption exposure. Until other possible uses have been carefully tested, peer-reviewed and published, users are advised to limit use of this system to planning, implementing and measuring pollution prevention and to enhancing the interpretation of Toxic Release Inventory data. The objective of this report is to look at how the structure of this score handles exposure to chemicals, both via multi-compartment pathways and multi-routes for contact or absorption health damage, as well as how it handles habitat degradation by chemicals. For all of these, the approach is built on inherent properties of each chemical, which are true for all sites and scenarios. The biggest obstacle to scoring is lack of measured chemical property data needed for scoring. We handle missing data by regression, quantitative structure activity relationship estimations, and a missing data default rule. The limitations of chemical hazard scoring are reviewed. At present, there is no widely accepted single measure of relative chemical hazard, against which to calibrate this hazard score for accuracy, except experience from industrial use. However, despite limitations, we suggest there is a strong value added for industry and society in availability of a concise, simple-to-use measure of relative chemical hazard. The Purdue score enables separate or combined consideration of chemical hazard to workers and to the natural environment. The Purdue score has potential for major cost savings in relative hazard ranking and business decision making regarding little-studied organic chemicals, because of the extensive use of advanced property estimation software. We conclude that there is societal need to warrant advanced development of this risk management tool, which is now ready for pilot use by industry. The Purdue score is mainly intended to assist and encourage businesses to implement and measure pollution prevention-especially small businesses--in a cost-effective way. The Purdue score relies strongly on sublethal toxicity, and there is practical potential for it to be used with thousands of chemicals.