The first record of Tremoctopus violaceus sensu stricto Delle Chiaje,1830 in southwestern Gulf of Mexico gives a hint of the taxonomic status of Tremoctopus gracilis.

Knowledge on species taxonomic identity is essential to understand biological and biogeographical processes and for studies on biodiversity. Species the genus Tremoctopus have been confused in the past and are inconsistently identified. To clarify of the taxonomic diagnosis Tremoctopus violaceus Delle Chiaje, 1830, an evaluation of morphological and meristic characters, as well as morphometric indices and genetic analyses, was undertaken. The analyzed octopod was an opportunistically collected mature female of 640 mm in total length, with a mantle length of 135 mm and a total weight of 1.02 kg. Evidence of autotomy as a defensive mechanism for protecting the egg mass is presented. The 16S haplotype sequenced from this specimen represents the first one publicly available for this species from the Gulf of Mexico. The genetic divergence between this haplotype and those reported from the Pacific Ocean is representative of interspecific variation in other taxa, which suggests that "T. violaceus" in the Pacific Ocean (KY649286, MN435565, and AJ252767) should be addressed as T. gracilis instead. Genetic evidence to separate T. violaceus and T. gracilis is presented. The studied specimen from the Gulf of Mexico represents the westernmost known occurrence of T. violaceus and the first record from the southwestern Gulf of Mexico.

An integrative taxonomic approach reveals Octopus insularis as the dominant species in the Veracruz Reef System (southwestern Gulf of Mexico).

The common octopus of the Veracruz Reef System (VRS, southwestern Gulf of Mexico) has historically been considered as Octopus vulgaris, and yet, to date, no study including both morphological and genetic data has tested that assumption. To assess this matter, 52 octopuses were sampled in different reefs within the VRS to determine the taxonomic identity of this commercially valuable species using an integrative taxonomic approach through both morphological and genetic analyses. Morphological and genetic data confirmed that the common octopus of the VRS is not O. vulgaris and determined that it is, in fact, the recently described O. insularis. Morphological measurements, counts, indices, and other characteristics such as specific colour patterns, closely matched what had been reported for O. insularis in Brazil. In addition, sequences from cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and 16S ribosomal RNA (r16S) mitochondrial genes confirmed that the common octopus from the VRS is in the same highly supported clade as O. insularis from Brazil. Genetic distances of both mitochondrial genes as well as of cytochrome oxidase subunit III (COIII) and novel nuclear rhodopsin sequences for the species, also confirmed this finding (0-0.8%). We discuss our findings in the light of the recent reports of octopus species misidentifications involving the members of the 'O. vulgaris species complex' and underscore the need for more morphological studies regarding this group to properly address the management of these commercially valuable and similar taxa.

Role of oceanography in shaping the genetic structure in the North Pacific hake Merluccius productus.

Determining the relative influence of biotic and abiotic factors on genetic connectivity among populations remains a major challenge in evolutionary biology and in the management and conservation of species. North Pacific hake (Merluccius productus) inhabits upwelling regions in the California Current ecosystem from the Gulf of California to the Gulf of Alaska. In this study, we examined mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and microsatellite variation to estimate levels of genetic differentiation of M. productus in relation to the role of oceanographic features as potential barriers to gene flow. Samples were obtained from nine sites spanning a large part of the geographic range of the species, from Puget Sound, Washington to Costa Rica. The microsatellite results revealed three genetically discrete populations: one spanning the eastern Pacific coast, and two apparently resident populations circumscribed to the Puget Sound and the northern Gulf of California (FST = 0.032, p = 0.036). Cytochrome b sequence data indicated that isolation between the Puget Sound and northern Gulf of California populations from the coastal Pacific were recent phenomena (18.5 kyr for Puget Sound and 40 kyr for the northern Gulf of California). Oceanographic data obtained from the Gulf of California support the hypothesis that permanent fronts within the region, and strong gradients at the entrance to the Gulf of California act as barriers to gene flow. A seascape genetics approach found significant genetic-environment associations, where the daytime sea surface temperature and chlorophyll concentrations were the best predictive variables for the observed genetic differentiation. Considering the potential causes of genetic isolation among the three populations, e.g. spawning areas in different latitudes associated with upwelling processes, oceanographic barriers, asymmetric migration and specialized diet, oceanographic barriers appear to be a likely mechanism restricting gene flow.

Desarrollo ovárico y su relación con las concentraciones séricas de 17β-estradiol y 17α-hidroxi- 4-pregnen-3-ona en hembras de primera maduración de pez blanco, Chirostoma humboldtianum (Atheriniformes: Atherinopsidae) / Association between ovarian development and serum concentrations of 17β-estradiol and 17α-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one in first maturation females of the shortfin silverside fish, Chirostoma humboldtianum (Atheriniformes: Atherinopsidae)

The first reproductive cycle of 50 females of the shortfin silverside, Chirostoma humboldtianum (Valenciennes) in culture conditions was analyzed. Ovarian developmental stages, gonadosomatic (GI) and hepatosomatic (HI) indexes were described. Histo-logical description of the ovaries and quantification of estradiol serum levels (E2) and 17α-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17-P4) by radioinmune assay were performed. Results showed a first reproductive season longer than six months. Females initiated spawning at the age of one year. Four ovarian maturation stages (I to IV) were determined during the spawning season and one (V) during the non-spawning season, the last one showed a non-defined pattern of development. The GI and HI indexes values indicate a positive lineal relation to body-weight only during the reproductive season (r² = 0.74 and r² = 0.86, P < 0.05, respectively). Histological analysis of the ovaries indicated that the species correspond to the pattern described as group-synchronous with multiple spawnings. The follicular population showed reproductive activity during the first stages of maturation with a predominant population of pre-vitellogenic follicles. As the ovarian maturation increased, the presence of all the follicular developmental stages was observed, with a tendency of an increase of vitellogenic and mature follicles. The concentration of circulating sexual steroid hormones of estradiol (E2) and 17α-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17-P4) were high during stage I (2.5 ± 0.7 ng/m L and 2.4 ± 0.3 ng/mLfor E2 and 17-P4, respectively); a decrease was observed during stage II, and the highest values were observed in stage IV (7.6 ± 2.1 ng/mL for E2 and 1.8 ± 0.9 ng/mL for 17-P4). The same pattern was observed during non-spawning season (ANOVA P < 0.05), these results are the first findings on the reproductive physiology of the shortfin silverside fish, suggesting an early steroidogenic activity in immature females. Furthermore, the species maintains its hormonal capacity during the post-spawning season, as it is supported by their follicular composition. The aforementioned will allow to have a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in their reproductive processes and to improve the mechanisms utilized to control their reproduction and for the production of eggs and larvae in culture conditions.

Se analizó el primer ciclo reproductivo de 50 hembras de pez blanco, Chirostoma humboldtianum (Valenciennes), en condiciones de cultivo. Se describieron los estadios de desarrollo ovárico y los índices gonadosomático (IG) y hepatosomático (IH). Se realizó una descripción histológica de los ovarios y se midieron los niveles séricos del estradiol (E2) y de la 17α-hidroxi -4-pregnen-3-ona (17-P4) por radioinmunoanálisis. Los resultados mostraron una primera época reproductiva de más de seis meses. Las hembras iniciaron sus desoves a la edad de un año. Se identificaron cuatro estadios de maduración ovárica (estadios I al IV) en la época de desoves y uno más (V) en la época no reproductiva, este último no tuvo un patrón de desarrollo definido. Los valores de los índices IG e IH mostraron una relación lineal positiva con el peso corporal únicamente en la época reproductiva (r² = 0.74 y r² = 0.86, P < 0.05, respectivamente). El análisis histológico de los ovarios indicó que la especie se clasifica como sincrónica por grupos múltiples. Los primeros estadios de maduración gonadal fueron caracterizados por ovarios cuyas poblaciones foliculares estuvieron compuestas predominantemente por folículos previtelinos. Conforme avanzó el proceso de maduración, se observaron todos los estadios de desarrollo folicular, con tendencia al incremento de folículos vitelinos y maduros. Durante el estadio I, las concentraciones de las hormonas esteroides sexuales circulantes de estradiol (E2) y de la 17α-hidroxi-4-pregnen-3-ona (17-P4) fueron altas (2.5 ± 0.7 ng/mL de E2 y 2.4 ± 0.3 ng/mL de 17-P4), se observó un decremento durante el estadio II y los valores más altos se registraron en el estadio IV (7.6± 2.1 ng/mL de E2 y 1.8 ± 0.9 ng/mL de 17-P4). Este mismo patrón fue observado durante la época de no desoves (ANDEVA P < 0.05); estos resultados son los primeros hallazgos en la fisiología reproductiva del pez blanco, los cuales sugieren una temprana actividad esteroidogénica en hembras inmaduras, además de que esta especie conserva su capacidad hormonal en la época posdesove, sustentada en su composición folicular. Lo anterior ayudará para comprender mejor los mecanismos involucrados en los procesos reproductivos y servirá de base para lograr su reproducción controlada y la obtención de huevos y larvas en condiciones de cultivo.

[Effects of the dietary incorporation of carotenoid pigments on gonad development and oocyte maturity in females of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum, 1972)]. / Efectos de la incorporación en la dieta de pigmentos carotenoides, sobre el desarrollo gonadal y la madurez de los ovocitos en hembras de trucha arco iris (Onchorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum, 1972).

Four groups of rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) each with 60 females with an average body weight of 467 g were submitted to an aleatory assay in order to compare the efficiency of four diets containing different concentrations of carotenoid pigments, and to determine if pigment concentration and source had an influence on female gonad development and oocyte maturity. The first diet was the non-pigmented control (C). The second diet contained 100 mg kg(-1) of Carophyll Pink (CR). The third and fourth diets contained 200 (RC200) and 250 (RC250) mg kg(-1) of saponified red chili oleoresin, respectively. The results indicated significant differences (p < or = 0.05) between C and RC250, with respect to the gonado-somatic index (IGS), average gonad weight (PG) and average diameter of oocyte (DO), with CR250 showing higher IGS, PG and DO values. Treatments CR and CR200 presented similar values. At the end of the experimental period, only 10% of oocytes were mature in the RC250 diet.

Efectos de la incorporación en la dieta de pigmentos carotenoides: sobre el desarrollo gonadal y la madurez de los ovocitos en hembras de trucha arco iris (Onchorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum, 1972) / Effects of the dietary incorporation of carotenoid pigments: on gonad development and oocyte maturity in females of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum, 1972)

Se utilizaron cuatro grupos experimentales con 60 hembras de trucha arco iris (Onchorhynchus mykiss) cada uno, con un peso promedio de 467 g, las cuales fueron sometidas a un ensayo aleatorio para comparar la eficiencia de cuatro dietas conteniendo diferentes concentraciones de pigmentos carotenoides y determinar sí la concentración y el origen del mismo presentaba una influencia sobre el desarrollo gonadal y la maduración de los ovocitos. La primera dieta fue una dieta control no pigmentada (C); la segunda contenía 100 mg kg-1 de Carofil Rosa (CR); la tercera y cuarta contenía 200 (CR200) y 250 (CR250) mg kg-1 de oleorresina saponificada de chile rojo (Capsicum annuum), respectivamente. Los resultados mostraron que existieron diferencias significativas (p £ 0.05) entre las dietas C y CR250 con respecto al índice gonadosomático (IGS), peso promedio de la gónada (PG) y el diámetro de los ovocitos (DO), presentando la última dieta los valores más altos de estos factores. Los tratamientos de CP y CR200 presentaron valores similares. Al final del experimento solamente se observó el 10 por ciento de ovocitos maduros en la dieta CR250

Morphological and genetic variation in seven species of the endangered Chirostoma "humboldtianum species group" (Atheriniformes: Atherinopsidae).

The Chirostoma "humboldtianum" group includes seven silverside species considered as a monophyletic assemblage because of their high genetic and morphological similarities. The group includes five moderately large species, "peces blancos" (117-300 mm standard length--SL) and two smaller species, "charales" (70-142 mm SL). These species are of great economical, cultural and ichthyological interest for local populations, and their management practices are controversial. We investigated the morphometric, meristic and allozyme variations of the seven species (13 populations) and related the variations with life history, habitat and management procedures. Nineteen morphometric variables, eight meristic variables (by multivariate analysis) and 23 allozyme loci of the seven species and populations of Chirostoma were compared. Principal component analysis (PC) of morphometric and meristic data indicate that both sets of data provided information to differentiate among the seven species. The variables that accounted for most of this differentiation were head length (HL), predorsal 1 length (PIL) and length of pelvic fin base (PfbL). PC and Discriminant Analysis (DA) with morphometric data also suggested the differentiation of populations within C. grandocule (83% correctly classified organisms), whereas PC and DA with meristic data differentiated populations of C. humboldtianum (80% correctly classified organisms). The most important morphometric variables for the differentiation were anal fin height (AfH), length of anal fin base (AfbL) and predorsal 2 length (P2L) and the meristic variables D2fR. PdS and AfR. The genetic variability data indicate changes in values of some of the species in relation to previously reported data. The present populations of C. grandocule show a reduction in He (0.002 vs. 0.009). Other species showed an increase; for instance, C. consocium consocium, C. humboldtianum, C. lucius, C. promelas and C. sphyraena averaged He = 0.069 vs 0.027. theta indicated significant genetic differentiation among the analysed species (0.247, S.D. 0.159) and theta s supported the morphological data that suggest intra-specific differentiation (0.360, S. D. 0.154).

Morphological and genetic variation in seven species of the endangered Chirostoma "humboldtianum species group" (Atheriniformes: Atherinopsidae)

The Chirostoma "humboldtianum" group includes seven silverside species considered as a monophyletic assemblage because of their high genetic and morphological similarities. The group includes five moderately large species, "peces blancos" (117-300 mm standard length--SL) and two smaller species, "charales" (70-142 mm SL). These species are of great economical, cultural and ichthyological interest for local populations, and their management practices are controversial. We investigated the morphometric, meristic and allozyme variations of the seven species (13 populations) and related the variations with life history, habitat and management procedures. Nineteen morphometric variables, eight meristic variables (by multivariate analysis) and 23 allozyme loci of the seven species and populations of Chirostoma were compared. Principal component analysis (PC) of morphometric and meristic data indicate that both sets of data provided information to differentiate among the seven species. The variables that accounted for most of this differentiation were head length (HL), predorsal 1 length (PIL) and length of pelvic fin base (PfbL). PC and Discriminant Analysis (DA) with morphometric data also suggested the differentiation of populations within C. grandocule (83 correctly classified organisms), whereas PC and DA with meristic data differentiated populations of C. humboldtianum (80 correctly classified organisms). The most important morphometric variables for the differentiation were anal fin height (AfH), length of anal fin base (AfbL) and predorsal 2 length (P2L) and the meristic variables D2fR. PdS and AfR. The genetic variability data indicate changes in values of some of the species in relation to previously reported data. The present populations of C. grandocule show a reduction in He (0.002 vs. 0.009). Other species showed an increase; for instance, C. consocium consocium, C. humboldtianum, C. lucius, C. promelas and C. sphyraena averaged He = 0.069 vs 0.027. theta indicated significant genetic differentiation among the analysed species (0.247, S.D. 0.159) and theta s supported the morphological data that suggest intra-specific differentiation (0.360, S. D. 0.154).