Celiac disease screening in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus: What test should be performed?

INTRODUCTION: Children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) are at high risk for the development of celiac disease (CD) because of the common genetic characteristics of both conditions. The study objectives were to investigate the frequency of the human leukocyte antigen system (HLA) for CD in pediatric T1DM patients and to determine whether HLA testing is suitable for CD screening in that population and is cost-effective as compared to serological screening for CD. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective, descriptive study was conducted in 296 patients (148 girls; 148 boys) with T1DM aged <18 years who attended a Madrid hospital. Data on the frequency of genotypes DQ2/DQ8 in a subgroup of 92 patients and the additional cost of performing HLA typing for screening CD were collected. Only when the risk HLA haplotype (DQ2/DQ8) is negative no further serological screening for CD is required. RESULTS: Twenty-three patients with T1DM (7.77%) also had CD. Alleles DQ2 or DQ8 were found in 91.3% of patients in whom the HLA haplotype was studied. Thus, only 8.7% with a negative haplotype would have benefited from HLA testing. The additional cost of HLA typing was € 105.2 for each patient with positive DQ2 or DQ8 in our population. CONCLUSIONS: HLA typing is not a cost-effective screening method for CD in T1DM because of the frequent association of T1DM with risk genotypes for CD.

Avances en el tratamiento de la diabetes tipo 1 pediátrica / Advances in the treatment of pediatric type 1 diabetes

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Celiac disease screening in children and adolescents with type1 diabetes mellitus: What test should be performed? / Cribado de enfermedad celiaca en niños y adolescentes con diabetes mellitus tipo1: ¿qué estrategia utilizar?

INTRODUCTION: Children and adolescents with type1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) are at high risk for the development of celiac disease (CD) because of the common genetic characteristics of both conditions. The study objectives were to investigate the frequency of the human leukocyte antigen system (HLA) for CD in pediatric T1DM patients and to determine whether HLA testing is suitable for CD screening in that population and is cost-effective as compared to serological screening for CD. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective, descriptive study was conducted in 296 patients (148 girls; 148 boys) with T1DM aged <18years who attended a hospital in Madrid. Data on the frequency of genotypes DQ2/DQ8 in a subgroup of 92 patients and the additional cost of performing HLA typing for screening CD were collected. Only when the risk HLA haplotype (DQ2/DQ8) is negative no further serological screening for CD is required. RESULTS: Twenty-three patients with T1DM (7.77%) also had CD. Alleles DQ2 or DQ8 were found in 91.3% of patients in whom the HLA haplotype was studied. Thus, only 8.7% with a negative haplotype would have benefited from HLA testing. The additional cost of HLA typing was €105.2 for each patient with positive DQ2 or DQ8 in our population. CONCLUSIONS: HLA typing is not a cost-effective screening method for CD in T1DM because of the frequent association of T1DM with risk genotypes for CD.

Impact of Sensor-Augmented Pump Therapy with Predictive Low-Glucose Suspend Function on Glycemic Control and Patient Satisfaction in Adults and Children with Type 1 Diabetes.

AIMS: The aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of sensor-augmented pump therapy with predictive low-glucose suspend function (SAP-PLGS) in real-world use in children and adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D). METHODS: Patients with T1D treated with the MiniMed 640G® pump with PLGS function at three referral hospitals were retrospectively evaluated. HbA1c at baseline and at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months was analyzed. Two weeks of data from pumps, sensors, and/or glucose meters were downloaded. Patients completed satisfaction questionnaires at the last follow-up visit. RESULTS: A total of 162 patients were included. Mean age was 32 ± 17 years, 28% were (n = 46) children, and 29% (n = 47) were with a history of severe hypoglycemia. Median follow-up was 12 months (6-18). HbA1c was reduced from 55 ± 9 to 54 ± 8 mmol/mol (7.2% ± 0.8% to 7.1% ± 0.7%) at 12 months (P < 0.03, n = 100). In patients with suboptimal control, there was a reduction in HbA1c from 66% ± 7% to 61 ± 10 mmol/mol (8.2% ± 0.6% to 7.7% ± 0.9%) at the end of follow-up (n = 26, P < 0.01). Three percent (n = 5) of the patients experienced severe hypoglycemia during follow-up. A reduction in the percentage of self-monitoring of blood glucose values <70 mg/dL was achieved (10% ± 7% to 6% ± 5%, P = 0.001, n = 144). Time in range 70-180 mg/dL was 67% ± 13% at the end of follow-up and predictors of a higher time in range were identified. The use of sensors was high (86%) and 73% of the patients showed high satisfaction. In patients using sensors at baseline (n = 54), the time spent at <54 and <70 mg/dL was reduced. CONCLUSION: SAP-PLGS reduces hypoglycemia frequency while maintaining glycemic control in adults and children under real-life conditions.

A national survey on the efficacy and safety of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in patients with type 1 diabetes in Spain.

AIMS: To assess safety and benefits of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) therapy in a cohort of type 1 diabetes patients in Spain. METHODS: A web-based national registry was created by the Working Group of the Spanish Diabetes Association. All patients on CSII being followed at selected referral centers were included. A cross-sectional analysis was performed. RESULTS: A total of 1275 patients were included. Data completion for patients on CSII was 67 ±â€¯32%. Indications for treatment were suboptimal glycemic control (32%), high glucose variability (24%), preconception care (14%) and hypoglycemia (11%). In the patients on CSII for ≥1 year (n = 843, mean CSII duration of 5 years), HbA1c decreased by 5 mmol/mol (0.5%) in the whole population and by 8 mmol/mol (0.7%) in subjects with suboptimal glycemic control as CSII indication. Percentage of patients achieving HbA1c ≤ 53 mmol/mol (7%) increased from 20% before CSII to 34% at the end of follow-up. Severe hypoglycemia decreased from 29% to 5%. The rate of discontinuation was 9.5%. HbA1c was lower in patients using bolus advisor and temporary basal rates. CONCLUSIONS: CSII was associated with a sustained improvement in glycemic control and a reduction in severe hypoglycemia. The use of advanced CSII settings was related to better glycemic control.

Effectiveness of MiniMed 640G with SmartGuard® System for prevention of hypoglycemia in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. / Efectividad del sistema MiniMed 640G con SmartGuard® para la prevención de hipoglucemia en pacientes pediátricos con diabetes mellitus tipo 1.

INTRODUCTION/AIMS: Treatment with the MiniMed 640G-SmartGuard® system (640G-SG, sensor-augmented insulin pump system with low predicted glucose suspension feature) has been shown to decrease risk of hypoglycemia without altering metabolic control in patients with T1DM. The study purpose was to assess the impact of 640G-SG on hipoglycemia frequency and on metabolic control in a pediatric population with T1DM. PATIENTS/METHODS: A retrospective study on 21 children treated with 640G-SG. HbA1C, mean blood glucose (mg/dl), glucose variation coefficient, frequency of hypoglycemia (<70mg/dl) and hyperglycemia (>180mg/dl), daily capillary blood glucose measurements, ketosis/diabetic ketoacidosis, and severe hypoglycemic episodes were analyzed and compared before and during use of the system. Fasting blood glucose, frequency of sensor use and number and duration of system suspension events were also assessed in the last month of use of the system. RESULTS: All patients used the system continuously (5.0±2.1 months), with a median sensor use of 92%. Significant decreases were seen in hypoglycemia frequency (10.4±5.2% to 7.6±3.3%, p=.044) and number of capillary blood glucose measurements (11.3±2,2 to 8.1±2,1, p<.001), and there was no increase in hyperglycemia frequency (p=.65). Mean system suspension time was 3.1±1.2hours/day (37.3% of overnight stops). Changes in HbA1c, mean blood glucose, and variation coefficient were not significant. No patient experienced diabetic ketoacidosis or severe hypoglycemia. CONCLUSIONS: The sensor-augmented pump with the predictive low glucose suspension management system, as implemented in the 640G-SG system, can help avoid risk of hypoglycemia without significantly affecting metabolic control or causing diabetic ketoacidosis, and decrease the burden of additional capillary blood glucose measurements in our pediatric cohort.

Efectividad del sistema MiniMed 640G con SmartGuard(R) para la prevención de hipoglucemia en pacientes pediátricos con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 / Effectiveness of MiniMed 640G with SmartGuard(R) System for prevention of hypoglycemia in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus

Introducción/objetivos: El tratamiento con el sistema MiniMed 640G-SmartGuard(R) (640G-SG, infusión subcutánea continua de insulina con sensor de monitorización continua de glucosa intersticial implementado con suspensión automática por predicción de hipoglucemia) ha demostrado en estudios previos, disminución del riesgo de hipoglucemia sin producir alteraciones en el control metabólico en pacientes con DM1. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la efectividad del sistema 640G-SG sobre la frecuencia de hipoglucemia y su impacto sobre el control metabólico en una población pediátrica con DM1. Pacientes/métodos: Estudio retrospectivo que incluyó 21 niños tratados con 640G-SG. Se analizaron previo y durante su uso: HbA1c, glucemia media (mg/dl), coeficiente de variación de glucosa, frecuencia de hipoglucemia (<70mg/dl) e hiperglucemia (>180mg/dl), controles de glucemia capilar/día, episodios de cetosis/cetoacidosis e hipoglucemias graves. En el último mes de uso: glucemia en ayunas, frecuencia de uso del sensor y número y duración de eventos de suspensión. Resultados: Los pacientes llevaron el sistema continuamente durante 5,0±2,1 meses con mediana de uso del 92%. Objetivamos disminución significativa de la frecuencia de hipoglucemia (10,4±5,2% a 7,6±3,3%, p=0,044) y del número de controles de glucemia capilar/día (11,3±2,2 a 8,1±2,1, p<0,001), sin aumento de hiperglucemia (p=0,65). Duración media de suspensión de infusión de insulina 3,1±1,2 h/día (37,3% suspensión nocturna). Sin cambios significativos en HbA1c, glucemia media, ni coeficiente de variación. Ningún paciente presentó cetosis/cetoacidosis ni hipoglucemia grave. Conclusiones: La suspensión automática de infusión de insulina por predicción de hipoglucemia implementada en MiniMed 640G-SmartGuard(R) ayuda a evitar el riesgo de hipoglucemia, sin empeorar el control metabólico ni provocar cetosis/cetoacidosis, y reduce la carga de controles adicionales de glucemia en nuestra cohorte pediátrica (AU)

Introduction/aims: Treatment with the MiniMed 640G-SmartGuard(R) system (640G-SG, sensor-augmented insulin pump system with low predicted glucose suspension feature) has been shown to decrease risk of hypoglycemia without altering metabolic control in patients with T1DM. The study purpose was to assess the impact of 640G-SG on hipoglycemia frequency and on metabolic control in a pediatric population with T1DM. Patients/methods: A retrospective study on 21 children treated with 640G-SG. HbA1C, mean blood glucose (mg/dl), glucose variation coefficient, frequency of hypoglycemia (<70mg/dl) and hyperglycemia (>180mg/dl), daily capillary blood glucose measurements, ketosis/diabetic ketoacidosis, and severe hypoglycemic episodes were analyzed and compared before and during use of the system. Fasting blood glucose, frequency of sensor use and number and duration of system suspension events were also assessed in the last month of use of the system. Results: All patients used the system continuously (5.0±2.1 months), with a median sensor use of 92%. Significant decreases were seen in hypoglycemia frequency (10.4±5.2% to 7.6±3.3%, p=.044) and number of capillary blood glucose measurements (11.3±2,2 to 8.1±2,1, p<.001), and there was no increase in hyperglycemia frequency (p=.65). Mean system suspension time was 3.1±1.2hours/day (37.3% of overnight stops). Changes in HbA1c, mean blood glucose, and variation coefficient were not significant. No patient experienced diabetic ketoacidosis or severe hypoglycemia. Conclusions: The sensor-augmented pump with the predictive low glucose suspension management system, as implemented in the 640G-SG system, can help avoid risk of hypoglycemia without significantly affecting metabolic control or causing diabetic ketoacidosis, and decrease the burden of additional capillary blood glucose measurements in our pediatric cohort (AU)

Impacto de la educación diabetológica en el control de la diabetes mellitus tipo 1 en la edad pediátrica / Impact of diabetes education on type 1 diabetes mellitus control in children

Introducción: En la diabetes mellitus tipo1 (DM1) la educación diabetológica es fundamental para lograr los objetivos de tratamiento. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar si el nivel de conocimientos diabetológicos de cuidadores/pacientes o los factores sociodemográficos afectan al control glucémico de niños y adolescentes con DM1. Pacientes y métodos: Se analiza el nivel de conocimientos de 105 cuidadores de niños y adolescentes con DM1 o de los pacientes adolescentes mediante una encuesta adaptada a la modalidad de tratamiento (múltiples dosis de insulina [MDI] o bomba de infusión subcutánea continua de insulina [ISCI]). Se considera la HbA1c media en el último año como marcador del control metabólico. Resultados: La media de HbA1c fue similar en ambos grupos de tratamiento (6,6±0,5 para MDI y 6,5±0,5% para ISCI, p=0,63), siendo discretamente más alta en niños mayores de 12años. Los pacientes con bomba tenían un mayor tiempo de evolución de la diabetes y obtuvieron peores resultados porque además la exigencia teórica de la encuesta fue superior por la mayor complejidad de manejo (p=0,005). Los cuidadores con nivel de estudios más bajos obtuvieron peores puntuaciones, si bien las cifras de HbA1c de sus hijos fueron más bajas, en probable relación con una mayor dedicación al cuidado de la enfermedad. Conclusiones: El nivel de conocimientos analizados fue alto, y esto se asoció con un buen control metabólico. Son necesarios estudios que evalúen la influencia de los conocimientos de los cuidadores en pacientes con diferentes grados de control metabólico (AU)

Introduction: Diabetes education is an essential tool to achieve treatment objectives in type1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). The aim of this study was to determine if understanding of diabetes by caregivers/patients or sociodemographic factors affect blood glucose control in children and adolescents with T1DM. Patients and methods: The level of knowledge of 105 caregivers of children and adolescents with T1DM was assessed using a survey adapted to the type of treatment used (multiple dose insulin [MDI] or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion [CSII]). Mean HbA1c levels in the previous year was considered as metabolic control marker. Results: Mean HbA1c levels were similar in both treatment groups, with slightly higher values in children over 12years of age. Patients on CSII had a longer time since disease onset and had poorer results, maybe because the items were more difficult due to the higher level of knowledge required for this treatment modality (P=.005). Caregivers with lower educational levels achieved poorer scores in the survey, but mean HbA1c levels of their children were lower, probably because of their greater involvement in disease care. Conclusions: The level of knowledge of caregivers and/or patients with T1DM was high, and this was associated to good metabolic control. Studies to assess the impact of caregiver knowledge on metabolic control of children are needed (AU)

Impact of diabetes education on type 1 diabetes mellitus control in children. / Impacto de la educación diabetológica en el control de la diabetes mellitus tipo 1 en la edad pediátrica.

INTRODUCTION: Diabetes education is an essential tool to achieve treatment objectives in type1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). The aim of this study was to determine if understanding of diabetes by caregivers/patients or sociodemographic factors affect blood glucose control in children and adolescents with T1DM. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The level of knowledge of 105 caregivers of children and adolescents with T1DM was assessed using a survey adapted to the type of treatment used (multiple dose insulin [MDI] or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion [CSII]). Mean HbA1c levels in the previous year was considered as metabolic control marker. RESULTS: Mean HbA1c levels were similar in both treatment groups, with slightly higher values in children over 12years of age. Patients on CSII had a longer time since disease onset and had poorer results, maybe because the items were more difficult due to the higher level of knowledge required for this treatment modality (P=.005). Caregivers with lower educational levels achieved poorer scores in the survey, but mean HbA1c levels of their children were lower, probably because of their greater involvement in disease care. CONCLUSIONS: The level of knowledge of caregivers and/or patients with T1DM was high, and this was associated to good metabolic control. Studies to assess the impact of caregiver knowledge on metabolic control of children are needed.

Prolactinomas en la población pediátrica / Prolactinomas in a paediatric population

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Síndrome «morning glory» asociado a encefalocele transesfenoidal y panhipopituitarismo / Morning glory syndrome associated with transsphenoidal encephalocele and panhypopituitarism

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Insulina aspart en terapia con perfusión subcutánea continua de insulina / Insulin aspart for continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion

Los análogos de insulina de absorción rápida (AIAR) son los que mejor remedan la respuesta fisiológica de la insulina y son los de elección en el tratamiento con ISCI. Hay 3 tipos de AIAR (lispro, aspart y glulisina) con similares propiedades farmacocinéticas, perfiles farmacodinámicos y efectos sobre el control de la glucemia. Sólo se han observado diferencias sutiles entre ellos. La precipitación, fibrilización y oclusión del catéter determinan la compatibilidad para su uso en ISCI. Las oclusiones en las primeras 72 h son poco frecuentes e independientes del tipo de AIAR. Después de las 72 h, el riesgo de oclusión difiere entre los distintos AIAR, siendo mayor con la insulina glulisina. Se ha demostrado que la insulina aspart tiene resistencia a la precipitación isoeléctrica con baja frecuencia de fibrilización y oclusión en las bombas de insulina en comparación con las insulinas lispro y glulisina. Estas características la hacen buena candidata para su uso en ISCI

Rapid-acting insulin analogues (RAIA) closely mimic the physiological insulin response to meals and are the drugs of choice in continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII). The three analogues - insulin lispro (lispro), insulin aspart (aspart) and insulin glulisine (glulisine) - show substantial similarities in terms of absorption and clinical efficacy as evaluated by glycemic control, and only subtle differences have been reported. Compatibility for CSII pumpuse is determined by precipitation, fibrillation, and occlusion. During CSII, early catheter occlusions (within 72 hours) are rare and are independent of the insulin analogue used. After 72 hours, the risk of occlusion differs among insulin analogues, occlusions being more common with glulisine. Insulin aspart has been shown to have greater resistance to isoelectric precipitation and low rates of fibrillation and occlusion in insulin pump compared with lispro or glulisine. These qualities make aspart insulin a good candidate for use in CSII therapy

Edema insulínico y síndrome de Mauriac / Insulin edema and Mauriac syndrome

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Long-acting insulin analogues (insulin glargine or determir) and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus in the paediatric population.

Despite many improvements in the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1), the non-physiological time-action profiles of conventional insulins remain a significant obstacle. In recent years, recombinant DNA technology has been used to design insulin molecules that overcome the limitations of regular and NPH insulin. The rapid insulin analogs used as prandial and the long-acting insulin analogs used as basal simulate physiological insulin profiles more closely than the older conventional insulins. The efficacy of insulin analogs now available for multiple daily injection (MDI) and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) therapy in DM1 has been established in pediatric patients. Insulin pumps have improved since they were first introduced. CSII therapy may provide an effective alternative for selected pediatric patients with DM1. In most studies at pediatric age, CSII therapy resulted in a improvement in HbA1c, a decreased rate of hypoglycemia without an abnormal increase in BMI, and without adversely affecting psychosocial outcomes in children and adolescents with DM1.