ABSTRACT
The aims of this study were: i) to examine if Dual Career (DC) pathways are independent of gender, ii) to evaluate whether those athletes who followed a DC experienced less difficulty in their integration into the labor force than the athletes devoted entirely to sport regardless of gender, as well as iii) to analyze whether the type of career path chosen was related with the current labor status, and if differences exist between men and women athletes. A quantitative, cross-sectional, and descriptive study was used based on an ad hoc questionnaire. Two-hundred and twenty-eight retired Olympic athletes completed a questionnaire. The response rate was 28.3%. Athletes who followed a DC with studies had a higher educational level at retirement than those devoted solely to sport and those who followed a DC with work, (χ2(6) = 38.76; P < .001), but no differences were found between men and women (χ2(3) = 3.23; P = .358). Athletes who followed a DC path (with studies or with work) perceived the transition out of sport more positively than those who focused solely on sport (χ2(2) = 7.79; P = .020). Regarding the type of job, more women attained a part-time job (20.9%) than men (3.1%; χ2(5) = 21.83; P = .001). The athletes who followed a DC with studies achieved higher monthly incomes than the other two groups (χ2(2) = 9.08; P = .011). Men athletes achieved higher incomes than women (Z = 5.45; P < .001), but the gender wage gap was apparent for those Olympian athletes considered as the qualified group, probably due to a higher presence of part-time women workers. The findings of this study suggest that future professional opportunities and the transition to the labor market could be made easier by following a DC during the mastery stage. Regardless of career path, women experienced more difficulties in their integration into the job market and there is a wage penalty for highly-qualified women.
Subject(s)
Athletes/psychology , Career Choice , Retirement/psychology , Sports/psychology , Achievement , Adult , Athletes/statistics & numerical data , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Income/statistics & numerical data , Male , Sex Factors , Spain , Sports/statistics & numerical data , Surveys and Questionnaires/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
The aim of this paper was to compare the sport stages of elite athletes depending on the career path they took. 476 retired elite Spanish athletes (62.5% male and 37.5% females) from 32 different sports answered a 55 items questionnaire. The starting ages of the students-athletes and the exclusively devoted to sport groups are similar. These similarities could be due to early decisions are taken by parents. Student-athletes reach also mastery stage two years earlier whereby we supposed some of the athletes do not start higher education studies as combining both activities seem to be too difficult. The best sport result was attained at different ages but it seems that the all trajectories spend seven years to achieve it. The non-student-athletes lengthened athletic career could be explained by a consequent delay in assuming new identity shifts. Finally, the student-athletes retire from four to five years before and could be explained because they usually plan more and better the retirement. In summary, the combination of a dual career with studies is the best option (AU)
El objetivo de este artículo es el de comparar las diferentes etapas deportivas de deportistas de élite en función del tipo de carrera que tomaron: trayectoria lineal, convergente o paralela. 476 atletas de élite españoles retirados (62.5% hombres y 37.5% mujeres) de 32 disciplinas deportivas distintas respondieron un cuestionario de 55 ítems. Las edades de inicio en el deporte de los deportistas-estudiantes y de los que se dedicaban exclusivamente al deporte son similares. Estas semejanzas se deben a que son los padres quienes toman las decisiones en edades tempranas. Los deportistas-estudiantes alcanzan también la etapa de maestría con dos años de antelación por lo que suponemos que algunos de los atletas no empiezan los estudios superiores al parecer difícil compaginar ambas actividades. El mejor resultado deportivo fue alcanzado a diferentes edades pero parece que las cuatro trayectorias coinciden en emplear siete años en lograrlo. Aquellos no estudiantes-deportistas alargaron la carrera deportiva posiblemente debido al consecuente retraso en asumir nuevos cambios de identidad. Finalmente, los estudiantes-deportistas se retiraron entre cuatro y cinco años antes y podría explicarse por que planifican más y mejor la retirada. En resumen, la combinación de una carrera dual con los estudios es la mejor opción (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Achievement , Competitive Behavior , Capacity Building/trends , Students/psychology , Athletes/psychology , Career Choice , Athletic Performance , Student Dropouts/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar las relaciones entre la actividad física, los niveles de salud mental y la vulnerabilidad a los trastornos mentales. Participaron 1.422 personas residentes en la Comunidad de Madrid (edad: 15-74 años), evaluándose sus niveles de actividad física y salud mental mediante los cuestionarios GPAQv2 (Global Physical Activity Questionnaire Version 2) y GHQ-12 (General Health Questionnaire), respectivamente. Los resultados evidencian que los sujetos con niveles altos o moderados de actividad física total y en el tiempo libre presentaron niveles de salud mental superiores a aquellos que realizaban un nivel bajo de actividad física. Además, el nivel de la actividad física realizada en el tiempo libre mostró una relación inversa con la vulnerabilidad a los trastornos mentales
The aim of this study was to analyze the relationships between physical activity, levels of mental health, and vulnerability to mental disorders. We performed a cross-sectional study with a sample of 1422 people from the Region of Madrid, aged between 15 and 74, assessing levels of physical activity and mental health through questionnaires GPAQv2 (Global Physical Activity Questionnaire Version 2) and GHQ-12 (General Health Questionnaire), respectively. The results reveal that individuals with high or moderate total and recreational physical activity had higher levels of mental health than those who had a low level of physical activity. Furthermore, the level of physical activity during leisure time showed an inverse relationship with vulnerability to mental disorders
objectivo deste trabalho foi analisar as relações entre a actividade física, os níveis de saúde mental e a vulnerabilidade aos transtornosmentais. Participaram 1.422 pessoas residentes na Comunidade de Madrid (idade: 15-74 anos), avaliando-se os seus níveis de actividade física e saúdemental através dos questionários GPAQv2 (Global Physical Activity Questionnaire Version 2) e GHQ-12 (General Health Questionnaire),respectivamente. Os resultados evidenciam que os sujeitos com níveis elevados ou moderados de actividade física total apresentaram níveis de saúdemental superiores comparativamente com aqueles que realizavam um nível baixo de actividade física. Adicionalmente, o nível de actividade físicarealizada no tempo livre relacionou-se inversamente com a vulnerabilidade aos transtornos mentais
