ABSTRACT
A second-generation surveillance system of people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been implemented in Spain. Behavioural and clinical data were collected between 2002 and 2011 through an annual one-day, cross-sectional survey in public hospitals, including all in- and outpatients receiving HIVrelated care on the survey day. Mean age increased over time (from 38.7 years in 2002 to 43.8 years in 2011) and 68.4% of the 7,205 subjects were male. The proportion of migrants increased from 6.1% to 15.9%, while people who inject or used to inject drugs (PWID and Ex-PWID) decreased and men who have sex with men (MSM) and heterosexuals increased. Unprotected intercourse at last sex increased among MSM and PWID/Ex-PWID. Patients receiving antiretroviral treatment increased significantly from 76.0% to 88.2% as did those with CD4 T-cell counts ≥350 (from 48.2% to 66.9%) and viral copies <200 (from 47.0% to 85.2%). HIV-infected people with hepatitis C virus RNA decreased from 36.0% in 2004 to 29.9% in 2011, while those with HBsAg remained stable at around 4.4%. Implementation of a low-cost, sustainable system for second-generation surveillance in people living with HIV is feasible. In Spain, the information obtained has helped to define and refine public health policy and document treatment effectiveness.
Subject(s)
HIV Infections/epidemiology , Health Behavior , Hepatitis C/epidemiology , Population Surveillance/methods , Sexual Behavior , Substance Abuse, Intravenous/epidemiology , Adult , Anti-Retroviral Agents/therapeutic use , CD4 Lymphocyte Count , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , HIV Infections/drug therapy , HIV Infections/transmission , Health Surveys , Hepatitis C/transmission , Heterosexuality/statistics & numerical data , Homosexuality, Male/statistics & numerical data , Hospitals, Public , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Socioeconomic Factors , Spain/epidemiologyABSTRACT
La mayoría de los estudios posibilitan actualmente relacionar los cambios de la presión intraocular como un hecho más del síndrome de desequilibrio durante la diálisis. Existe aumento de la presión intraocular durante la hemodiálisis en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica. La osmolaridad y el tiempo en hemodiálisis en pacientes renales crónicos...
