Selective digestive tract decontamination and selective oropharyngeal decontamination and antibiotic resistance in patients in intensive-care units: an open-label, clustered group-randomised, crossover study.

BACKGROUND: Previously, we assessed selective digestive tract decontamination (SDD) and selective oropharyngeal decontamination (SOD) on survival and prevention of bacteraemia in patients in intensive-care units. In this analysis, we aimed to assess effectiveness of these interventions for prevention of respiratory tract colonisation and bacteraemia with highly resistant microorganisms acquired in intensive-care units. METHODS: We did an open-label, clustered group-randomised, crossover study in 13 intensive-care units in the Netherlands between May, 2004, and July, 2006. Participants admitted to intensive-care units with an expected duration of mechanical ventilation of more than 48 h or an expected stay of more than 72 h received SOD (topical tobramycin, colistin, and amphotericin B in the oropharynx), SDD (SOD antibiotics in the oropharynx and stomach plus 4 days' intravenous cefotaxime), or standard care. The computer-randomised order of study regimens was applied by an independent clinical pharmacist who was masked to intensive-care-unit identity. We calculated crude odds ratios (95% CI) for rates of bacteraemia or respiratory tract colonisation with highly resistant microorganisms in patients who stayed in intensive-care units for more than 3 days (ie, acquired infection). This trial is registered at http://isrctn.org, number ISRCTN35176830. FINDINGS: Data were available for 5927 (>99%) of 5939 patients, of whom 5463 (92%) were in intensive-care units for more than 3 days. 239 (13%) of 1837 patients in standard care acquired bacteraemia after 3 days, compared with 158 (9%) of 1758 in SOD (odds ratio 0·66, 95% CI 0·53-0·82), and 124 (7%) of 1868 in SDD (0·48, 0·38-0·60). Eight patients acquired bacteraemia with highly resistant microorganisms during SDD, compared with 18 patients (with 19 episodes) during standard care (0·41, 0·18-0·94; rate reduction [RR] 59%, absolute risk reduction [ARR] 0·6%) and 20 during SOD (0·37, 0·16-0·85; RR 63%, ARR 0·7%). Of the patients staying in intensive-care units for more than 3 days, we obtained endotracheal aspirate cultures for 881 (49%) patients receiving standard care, 886 (50%) receiving SOD, and 828 (44%) receiving SDD. 128 (15%) patients acquired respiratory tract colonisation with highly resistant microorganisms during standard care, compared with 74 (8%) during SDD (0·58, 0·43-0·78; RR 38%, ARR 5·5%) and 88 (10%) during SOD (0·65, 0·49-0·87; RR 32%, ARR 4·6%). Acquired respiratory tract colonisation with Gram-negative bacteria or cefotaxime-resistant and colistin-resistant pathogens was lowest during SDD. INTERPRETATION: Widespread use of SDD and SOD in intensive-care units with low levels of antibiotic resistance is justified. FUNDING: None.

Ecological effects of selective decontamination on resistant gram-negative bacterial colonization.

RATIONALE: Selective digestive tract decontamination (SDD) and selective oropharyngeal decontamination (SOD) eradicate gram-negative bacteria (GNB) from the intestinal and respiratory tract in intensive care unit (ICU) patients, but their effect on antibiotic resistance remains controversial. OBJECTIVES: We quantified the effects of SDD and SOD on bacterial ecology in 13 ICUs that participated in a study, in which SDD, SOD, or standard care was used during consecutive periods of 6 months (de Smet AM, Kluytmans JA, Cooper BS, Mascini EM, Benus RF, van der Werf TS, van der Hoeven JG, Pickkers P, Bogaers-Hofman D, van der Meer NJ, et al. N Engl J Med 2009;360:20-31). METHODS: Point prevalence surveys of rectal and respiratory samples were performed once monthly in all ICU patients (receiving or not receiving SOD/SDD). Effects of SDD on rectal, and of SDD/SOD on respiratory tract, carriage of GNB were determined by comparing results from consecutive point prevalence surveys during intervention (6 mo for SDD and 12 mo for SDD/SOD) with consecutive point prevalence data in the pre- and postintervention periods. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: During SDD, average proportions of patients with intestinal colonization with GNB resistant to either ceftazidime, tobramycin, or ciprofloxacin were 5, 7, and 7%, and increased to 15, 13, and 13% postintervention (P < 0.05). During SDD/SOD resistance levels in the respiratory tract were not more than 6% for all three antibiotics but increased gradually (for ceftazidime; P < 0.05 for trend) during intervention and to levels of 10% or more for all three antibiotics postintervention (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: SOD and SDD have marked effects on the bacterial ecology in an ICU, with rising ceftazidime resistance prevalence rates in the respiratory tract during intervention and a considerable rebound effect of ceftazidime resistance in the intestinal tract after discontinuation of SDD.

Deficient mannose-binding lectin-mediated complement activation despite mannose-binding lectin-sufficient genotypes in an outbreak of Legionella pneumophila pneumonia.

Polymorphisms leading to deficiency of mannose-binding lectin (MBL) are associated with predisposition to infection. However, MBL deficiency can be protective against intracellular pathogens that use MBL to enter host cells. The role of MBL genotype and activity in infection with the intracellular pathogen Legionella pneumophila was studied in a large outbreak of legionellosis at a Dutch flower show. A total of 141 patients, 65 exposed asymptomatic exhibition staff members and 670 unexposed blood bank donors were included for the study of MBL2 genotypes and MBL-mediated complement activation. Genotypic MBL deficiency was equally prevalent in patients and controls. Deficient MBL-mediated complement activation was more prevalent in patients. Even in patients with genotypes that confer MBL sufficiency, 20.6% lacked MBL-mediated complement activation. In most patients with MBL-sufficient genotypes who lacked MBL-mediated activation at the acute phase of disease, lectin pathway functionality was restored at convalescence. In conclusion, genotypic MBL deficiency was not a risk factor for legionellosis. However, patients with legionellosis displayed deficient MBL-mediated complement activation even with MBL-sufficient genotypes. Together, these genotypical and functional data suggest that the observed deficiency of lectin pathway activation is an effect of legionellosis rather than a risk factor for acquiring it.

Optimizing use of ciprofloxacin: a prospective intervention study.

OBJECTIVES: Antimicrobial resistance to ciprofloxacin is increasing. The objective of this study was to reduce the number of inappropriate prescriptions and to improve the quality of ciprofloxacin prescriptions by means of educational intervention. METHODS: In a teaching hospital five units of the Departments of Internal Medicine, Gastro-Enterology, Surgery, Urology and Pulmonary Diseases, selected because of a high rate of ciprofloxacin prescription, participated in a prospective intervention study. The quantity and the quality of prescriptions were reviewed before and after educational intervention and during follow-up. The quality of each ciprofloxacin prescription was independently evaluated by two medical microbiologists. During the intervention period, a medical microbiologist discussed the appropriateness of prescribing ciprofloxacin with prescribing clinicians, and educational presentations were given to clinicians of participating units. Regression analysis was used to analyse trends in time-series data. RESULTS: The number of ciprofloxacin prescriptions decreased from 81 prescriptions/1000 admissions before intervention to 32 prescriptions/1000 admissions after intervention, a significant reduction of 60.5%. Appropriate prescriptions significantly increased. Significantly fewer inappropriate prescriptions were prescribed after intervention and/or during follow-up. At this time, 23 ciprofloxacin prescriptions/1000 admissions were prescribed, a total reduction of 71.3% compared with baseline. CONCLUSIONS: In a hospital with relatively low baseline ciprofloxacin consumption, intervention by direct consultation of a medical microbiologist and educational presentations led to 3-4-fold sustained reduction in the use of ciprofloxacin and significant improvement in quality of ciprofloxacin prescriptions. Close collaboration between clinicians and medical microbiologists can provide a major contribution to the prudent hospital use of antimicrobial agents.

Limits on the high-energy gamma and neutrino fluxes from the SGR 1806-20 giant flare of 27 December 2004 with the AMANDA-II detector.

On 27 December 2004, a giant gamma flare from the Soft Gamma-Ray Repeater 1806-20 saturated many satellite gamma-ray detectors, being the brightest transient event ever observed in the Galaxy. AMANDA-II was used to search for down-going muons indicative of high-energy gammas and/or neutrinos from this object. The data revealed no significant signal, so upper limits (at 90% C.L.) on the normalization constant were set: 0.05(0.5) TeV-1 m;{-2} s;{-1} for gamma=-1.47 (-2) in the gamma flux and 0.4(6.1) TeV-1 m;{-2} s;{-1} for gamma=-1.47 (-2) in the high-energy neutrino flux.

An outbreak of psittacosis due to Chlamydophila psittaci genotype A in a veterinary teaching hospital.

An outbreak of psittacosis in a veterinary teaching hospital was recognized in December 2004. Outbreak management was instituted to evaluate the extent of the outbreak and to determine the avian source. Real-time PCR, serologic testing and sequencing of the ompA gene of Chlamydophila psittaci were performed. Sputum samples from patients, throat-swab samples from exposed students and staff, and faecal specimens from parrots and pigeons were tested. In this outbreak, 34 % (10/29) of the tested individuals were infected. The clinical features of the infection ranged from none to sepsis with multi-organ failure requiring intensive-care-unit admission. C. psittaci genotype A was identified as the outbreak strain. Parrots, recently exposed to a group of cockatiels coming from outside the teaching facility, which were used in a practical class, appeared to be the source of the outbreak. One of the tested pigeons harboured an unrelated C. psittaci genotype B strain. The microbiological diagnosis by real-time PCR on clinical specimens allowed for rapid outbreak management; subsequent genotyping of the isolates identified the avian source. Recommendations are made to reduce the incidence and extent of future outbreaks.

Variable very-high-energy gamma-ray emission from the microquasar LS I +61 303.

Microquasars are binary star systems with relativistic radio-emitting jets. They are potential sources of cosmic rays and can be used to elucidate the physics of relativistic jets. We report the detection of variable gamma-ray emission above 100 gigaelectron volts from the microquasar LS I 61 + 303. Six orbital cycles were recorded. Several detections occur at a similar orbital phase, which suggests that the emission is periodic. The strongest gamma-ray emission is not observed when the two stars are closest to one another, implying a strong orbital modulation of the emission or absorption processes.

Coding and non-coding polymorphisms in the lectin pathway activator L-ficolin gene in 188 Dutch blood bank donors.

Human L-ficolin (FCN) is a serum lectin characterized by a collagen-like and a fibrinogen-like domain that can activate the lectin pathway of complement. Structural and functional similarities to mannose-binding lectin (MBL) suggest a role for L-ficolin in innate immunity. Structural polymorphisms in the MBL2 gene lead to functional deficiency of MBL. Polymorphisms in the FCN2 gene have not been studied previously. We developed 10 denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) assays to screen a total of 188 Dutch Caucasians for polymorphisms in FCN2. Total gene screening in this large cohort revealed 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Interestingly, two conserved coding SNPs were found in exon 8, leading to amino acid substitutions within the fibrinogen-like domain. Fibrinogen-like domains are highly conserved among several proteins in many species. As this domain is responsible for binding of L-ficolin, these newly found coding polymorphisms could alter the affinity of the protein for its substrates and possibly alter the ability of L-ficolin to recognize invading microorganisms.

Cytomegalovirus and Chlamydia pneumoniae as predictors for adverse events and angina pectoris after percutaneous coronary intervention.

BACKGROUND: The aim of our study was to investigate the influence of prior cytomegalovirus (CMV) or Chlamydia pneumoniae (CP) infection on prognosis after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS: Using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique preprocedural anti-CMV immunoglobulin G and anti-CP immunoglobulin A (CP IgA), immunoglobulin M, and immunoglobulin G antibodies were measured. Repeat anginal complaints and major adverse clinical events (MACE), including PCI, coronary artery bypass grafting, myocardial infarction, and death, were recorded at 8-month follow-up. RESULTS: Six hundred consecutive patients were included after successful PCI. Sixty-four percent of the patients were stented. The mean age was 61.6 years, and 68.9% were male. The rate of seropositivity for CP IgA in patients with MACE as compared with patients without MACE was 50.9% versus 35.4% (P =.0276). In patients with repeat anginal complaints, CP IgA seropositivity was 41.6% versus 34.6% in patients without repeat angina (P =.1057). The negative effect of CP on prognosis was confirmed after calculating the odds ratios for MACE (1.9, 95% CI 1.1-3.3). The rates of seropositivity for anti-CMV immunoglobulin G were not significantly different between both groups, although we found an association between infectious burden and repeat angina pectoris (odds ratio 1.8, 95% CI 1.1-3.0). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that preprocedural seropositivity of CP IgA is a risk factor for MACE and angina pectoris after PCI. Although no such relation was found for CMV alone, the cumulative infectious burden was also related to these clinical manifestations of restenosis.

Real-time PCR assay targets the 23S-5S spacer for direct detection and differentiation of Legionella spp. and Legionella pneumophila.

A real-time PCR for the ABI Prism 7000 system targeting the 23S-5S spacer of Legionella spp. was developed. Simultaneous detection and differentiation of Legionella spp. and Legionella pneumophila within 90 min and without post-PCR melting-curve analysis was achieved using two TaqMan probes. In sputum samples from 23 controls and 17 patients with legionellosis, defined by positive culture, urinary antigen testing, or seroconversion, 94% sensitivity and 100% specificity were observed.

Preprocedural serum levels of acute-phase reactants and prognosis after percutaneous coronary intervention.

OBJECTIVE: In this study we evaluate the value of baseline concentrations of acute-phase reactants on prognosis after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS: Blood samples were drawn immediately before PCI to measure baseline concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)), and fibrinogen. Follow-up data were collected at 8 months. Repeat PCI, CABG, myocardial infarction, and death were recorded as major adverse clinical events (MACE). Furthermore the recurrence of angina pectoris was noted. RESULTS: The study included 600 consecutive patients after a successful PCI. Sixty-four percent of the patients were stented. The mean age was 61.6 years and 68.9% were male. CRP levels were significantly higher in patients who were to have repeat angina as compared with those who were not (P=0.0322). IL-6 levels were not correlated with angina or MACE. Lp(a) and fibrinogen concentrations were both significantly related to MACE (P=0.0337 and P=0.0253, respectively). CONCLUSION: Our study clearly supports the role of inflammation in restenosis after PCI as measured in statistically higher levels of Lp(a) and fibrinogen in patients with MACE and CRP in patients with repeat angina.

Structure of the O-specific polysaccharide of the O22-antigen (LPS) from Escherichia coli O22:K13.

The polysaccharide moiety of the O22-antigen (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) consists of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose, D-glucuronic acid, D-glucose, and D-galactose in the molar ratios 2:1:1:1. Methylation analysis as well as 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy showed that the O22 polysaccharide has the primary structure [formula: see text]

Structure of the O-specific polysaccharide of the O23 antigen (LPS) from Escherichia coli O23:K?:H16.

The polysaccharide moiety of the O23 antigen (lipopolysaccharide) consists of D-glucose, D-galactose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose, and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose in the molar ratios 2:1:2:1. Methylation analysis of the polysaccharide as well as one- and two-dimensional 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy of the polysaccharide and a trisaccharide obtained by Smith degradation showed that the O23 polysaccharide has the primary structure [formula: see text].

Multicentre study on antibiotic susceptibilities of anaerobic bacteria to cefoperazone-sulbactam and other antimicrobial agents.

The antibiotic susceptibilities of 241 anaerobic bacteria recovered from six geographic sites in North America were tested by agar dilution to cefoperazone-sulbactam and other drugs. Of the 189 Bacteroides fragilis group isolates, only one was resistant to cefoperazone-sulbactam (0.5%) or ampicillin-sulbactam (0.5%), and none was resistant to ticarcillin-clavulanate or chloramphenicol. No resistance to cefoperazone-sulbactam was observed among the other Bacteroides spp., Clostridium spp., or Peptostreptococcus spp. Resistance to cefoperazone-sulbactam is not commonly observed against anaerobic bacteria recovered from different geographical sites across North America.

Comparison of acridine orange stain with culture and gram stain of needle aspirate in experimental Pseudomonas pneumonia.

The sensitivity and specificity of culture, acridine orange stain, and Gram stain were determined using needle aspiration (NA) material obtained from 82 rats with acute Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia and 18 control rats. Lungs were then processed for either bacterial quantitation or histopathologic examination. NA culture proved to be the most sensitive and specific (55 and 100%, respectively). Sensitivity of acridine orange stain was 40%, whereas Gram stain was only 29%. The specificity of each stain was at least 94%. Lung bacterial concentrations influenced the sensitivities of all three techniques, with better sensitivity found in NA samples obtained from lung with bacterial concentration of at least 10(4) colony-forming units (cfu) of P. aeruginosa. Acridine orange and Gram stain results were similar except in NA samples from lung with bacterial concentration of less than 10(4) cfu in which acridine orange stain was more sensitive. The presence of stains identifying bacteria collected from animals with sterile NA culture was found in a small but significant number of samples, suggesting the presence of nonviable though stainable organisms. Use of all three techniques (culture, acridine orange stain, and Gram stain) increased sensitivity to approximately 70% with minimal decrease of specificity.

IgG subclass potential of surface IgM-negative and surface IgM-positive human peripheral blood B cells.

To examine the IgG subclass potential of B cells at various stages of maturation, human peripheral blood B cells were separated into surface IgM-positive (sIgM+) and surface IgM-negative (sIgM-) cells by panning techniques and cultured with pokeweed mitogen, LPS, or Epstein-Barr virus. At the end of 7 days, cells were harvested, counted, spun onto slides, fixed, and stained with subclass-specific monoclonal antibodies. In all experiments with all mitogens, there was an enrichment of IgG2 plasma cells in sIgM+ cultures compared to the sIgM- cultures (P less than 0.0001). In the Epstein-Barr virus-stimulated cultures there was also a statistically significant enrichment for IgG3 in the sIgM+ cultures (P less than 0.01). In contrast, sIgM- cultures were always enriched for IgG1 plasma cells (P less than 0.0001). In the pokeweed mitogen-stimulated cultures, the sIgM- cultures also contained a higher proportion of IgG4 plasma cells than did the sIgM+ cultures (P less than 0.01). These results demonstrate that the IgG subclass potential of immature, surface IgM-positive precursors of IgG plasma cells differs from that of more mature surface IgM-negative precursors.

In vitro antimicrobial activity of diethyldithiocarbamate and dimethyldithiocarbamate against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus.

Staphylococcus aureus has appeared which is highly resistant to both methicillin and aminoglycosides. Current therapy involves long-term intravenous therapy of vancomycin. Since vancomycin is currently the only drug used to treat these patients, there is a need to develop additional antimicrobial therapy. The in vitro antimicrobial effect of the metal chelator, diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) and its structural analog dimethyldithiocarbamate (DMTC) were investigated. Both DDTC and DMTC were effective against S. aureus including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). By agar diffusion, DDTC at 10 micrograms per disk produced zone sizes of 12 to 21 mm and at 100 micrograms per disk produced zone sizes of 26 to 34 mm against MRSA. The DMTC produced slightly greater zone sizes against MRSA of 16 to 24 mm and 24 to 37 mm for 10 micrograms per disk and 100 micrograms per disk, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for DMTC against MRSA was 6 micrograms per ml. Both DDTC and DMTC were also effective against enterococci, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Salmonella species, Serratia marcescens and Citrobacter freundii at 100 micrograms per disk. The MICs of DMTC for Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Citrobacter freundii were approximately 128 micrograms per ml while the MICs for Proteus vulgaris, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens was greater than or equal to 256 micrograms per ml. In addition, DMTC was synergistic with gentamicin against MRSA and coagulase-negative staphylococcus species, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Additive and synergistic effects of DMTC were displayed with gentamicin against S. aureus including methicillin-resistant S. aureus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)