ABSTRACT
Objective: To study the prevalence of autoantibodies to glial and neuronal antigens with a focus on glial acidic fibrillary protein (GFAP) in patients with dementia. Methods: Sera of 127 patients with different forms of dementia and sera of 82 age-matched patients with various neurological diseases except for dementia, as well as sera from 15 age-matched healthy controls were analyzed for anti-glial or anti-neuronal IgG using 1) primary murine embryonic hippocampus cell cultures, 2) murine brain sections, 3) immunoblotting on mouse brain homogenates and 4) astrocyte cultures. Sera reacting with astrocytes in hippocampus cell cultures were further analyzed using HEK293 cells transfected with human GFAP. Results: IgG in serum from 45 of 127 (35.5%) patients with dementia but only 8 of 97 (8.2%, p ≤ 0.001) controls bound to either glial or neuronal structures in cultured murine hippocampus cells. In these cultures antibodies to astrocytes were detected in 35 of 127 (27.5%) of the dementia patients, whereas in controls antibodies to astrocytes were detected in 4 sera only (4.1%, p ≤ 0.001). Among the sera exhibiting reactivity to astrocytes, 14 of 35 (40%) showed immunoreaction to HEK293 cells transfected with GFAP in dementia patients, representing 11% of all sera. Within the 4 immunoreactive control sera reacting with astrocytes one reacted with GFAP (1.0% of total immunoreactivity, p = 0.003). Conclusions: Autoantibodies to glial epitopes in general and to GFAP in particular are more frequent in patients with dementia than in age-matched controls without dementia, thus indicating the need for further investigations regarding the potential pathophysiological relevance of these antibodies.
ABSTRACT
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 led to pandemic spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), manifesting with respiratory symptoms and multi-organ dysfunction. Detailed characterization of virus-neutralizing antibodies and target epitopes is needed to understand COVID-19 pathophysiology and guide immunization strategies. Among 598 human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from 10 COVID-19 patients, we identified 40 strongly neutralizing mAbs. The most potent mAb, CV07-209, neutralized authentic SARS-CoV-2 with an IC50 value of 3.1 ng/mL. Crystal structures of two mAbs in complex with the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain at 2.55 and 2.70 Å revealed a direct block of ACE2 attachment. Interestingly, some of the near-germline SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing mAbs reacted with mammalian self-antigens. Prophylactic and therapeutic application of CV07-209 protected hamsters from SARS-CoV-2 infection, weight loss, and lung pathology. Our results show that non-self-reactive virus-neutralizing mAbs elicited during SARS-CoV-2 infection are a promising therapeutic strategy.
Subject(s)
Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology , Antibodies, Viral/immunology , Betacoronavirus/metabolism , Coronavirus Infections/pathology , Pneumonia, Viral/pathology , Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 , Animals , Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use , Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology , Antibodies, Viral/therapeutic use , Antigen-Antibody Reactions , Betacoronavirus/immunology , Betacoronavirus/pathogenicity , Binding Sites , COVID-19 , Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy , Coronavirus Infections/virology , Cricetinae , Crystallography, X-Ray , Disease Models, Animal , Humans , Kinetics , Lung/immunology , Lung/metabolism , Lung/pathology , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Molecular Dynamics Simulation , Pandemics , Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/chemistry , Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism , Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy , Pneumonia, Viral/virology , Protein Binding , SARS-CoV-2 , Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry , Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology , Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolismABSTRACT
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 led to pandemic spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), manifesting with respiratory symptoms and multi-organ dysfunction. Detailed characterization of virus-neutralizing antibodies and target epitopes is needed to understand COVID-19 pathophysiology and guide immunization strategies. Among 598 human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from ten COVID-19 patients, we identified 40 strongly neutralizing mAbs. The most potent mAb CV07-209 neutralized authentic SARS-CoV-2 with IC50 of 3.1 ng/ml. Crystal structures of two mAbs in complex with the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain at 2.55 and 2.70 A revealed a direct block of ACE2 attachment. Interestingly, some of the near-germline SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing mAbs reacted with mammalian self-antigens. Prophylactic and therapeutic application of CV07-209 protected hamsters from SARS-CoV-2 infection, weight loss and lung pathology. Our results show that non-self-reactive virus-neutralizing mAbs elicited during SARS-CoV-2 infection are a promising therapeutic strategy.
