[Comparability of different data sources on stroke care in Germany]. / Vergleichbarkeit unterschiedlicher Datenquellen zur Schlaganfallversorgung in Deutschland.

This article reviews different methodological approaches for determining treatment reality of ischemic stroke patients in acute care hospitals. Considering specific advantages and disadvantages of two different epidemiologic approaches, a specific comparison was carried out of cases from a structured analysis of the nationwide German diagnosis-related groups (DRG) statistics and data from the acute stroke treatment in Hesse (SA_HE) for 2018 collated by the office for quality management. According to the DRG statistics and the SA_HE data, 16,267 and 15,643 acute ischemic stroke patients (ICD code I63) were treated in Hesse in 2018, with 53.7% and 54.5% males, respectively. The overall age distribution did not show significant differences between the two data sources; however, stroke patients over the age of 70 years were registered significantly more often in the DRG statistics. The rates of systemic thrombolysis were 16.5% in both data sources and the rates of mechanical thrombectomy were 5.6% and 5.9%, respectively. The analysis shows that after a rational limitation of the included cases and based on the place of treatment, there were no statistically significant differences concerning the number of hospitalized patients with ischemic stroke, distribution of gender and age as well as the documented rates of systemic thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy. It can therefore be concluded that the well-controlled stroke quality register examined is able to capture a sufficient number of hospitalized acute ischemic stroke cases and treatment rates. Therefore, it appears to be recommendable to adopt the strict Hessian guidelines for data acquisition and control nationwide. In this way a nationwide combined analysis of data from the working group of German stroke registers and the DRG statistics would be possible.

[Nationwide treatment reality of patients with acute ischemic stroke in Germany : Update of the regionalized analysis on use of recanalization treatment procedures and stroke complex treatment]. / Bundesweite Versorgungsrealität von Patienten mit akutem Hirninfarkt in Deutschland : Update der regionalisierten Analyse zur Anwendung rekanalisierender Therapieverfahren und einer Schlaganfallkomplexbehandlung.

BACKGROUND: The guidelines of the German Society for Neurology regarding the diagnostics and treatment of acute ischemic stroke contain the general recommendation of treatment on a stroke unit (SU) and the use of recanalizing treatment (intravenous thrombolysis, IVT; mechanical thrombectomy, MT) in appropriate patients. The nationwide availability of all three components represents a large organizational and healthcare political challenge. OBJECTIVE: Updated nationwide analysis of treatment rates in Germany based on a regionalized evaluation. METHODS: Based on the patient's place of residence, nationwide data of all hospitalized patients were evaluated using the German diagnosis-related groups (DRG) statistics from 2018 and compared with previous years. The rates for SU treatment, IVT and MT in the 412 German regional districts were analyzed. The 412 regions were grouped according to the degree of urbanization. RESULTS: Nationwide, a total of 224,647 patient cases with a main diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke were treated in 1382 hospitals in Germany in 2018. Overall, relatively high treatment rates were determined (SU = 73.3%; IVT = 16.4%; MT = 6.5%). Only 10.2% of treatments in the SU were performed on a SU located at a hospital with no neurology department. The regionalized analysis showed large treatment ranges for all three therapeutic components, with significantly lower treatment rates in regions with a lower degree of urbanization (SU, IVT, MT rates: urban = 75.4%, 17.4%, 7.5% and rural = 67.1%; 15.4%, 5.3%, respectively). CONCLUSION: Hospitalized healthcare in Germany shows high treatment rates for both SU admission and acute recanalization treatment in patients with acute ischemic stroke; however, there is further optimization potential in rural regions.

[Characteristics and dynamics of inpatient treatment of patients with Parkinson's disease in Germany : Analysis of 1.5 million patient cases from 2010 to 2015]. / Charakteristika und Dynamik der stationären Behandlung von Parkinson-Patienten in Deutschland : Analyse von 1,5 Mio. Patientenfällen aus den Jahren 2010 bis 2015.

BACKGROUND: Parkinson's disease is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder and the fastest-growing neurological disease in the world. The diagnostic spectrum, demographic characteristics, comorbidities and case number developments of inpatient treatment in Germany with resulting implications for patient care have so far been insufficiently investigated. METHODS: Data from the diagnosis-related groups (DRG) statistics were analyzed in patients with a main and secondary diagnosis of primary Parkinson's syndrome (PS), secondary PS or other degenerative disease of the basal ganglia. For the reporting years 2010-2015, the dataset comprised 1,520,366 patient cases from 413 districts/independent cities throughout Germany. RESULTS: In 2015, mostly patients with moderate and severe primary PS were hospitalized (64.7%) often exhibiting motor fluctuations as well as marked medical and psychiatric comorbidities. Vascular parkinsonism was the most frequent secondary PS (36.6%) and progressive supranuclear palsy was the leading diagnosis in the other disorders of the basal ganglia (51.9%). Primary PS as a secondary diagnosis was found in many internal medicine hospitalizations. The inpatient case numbers for primary PS increased significantly from the years 2010 to 2015 and rural regions were particularly affected. CONCLUSION: The number of inpatient cases of Parkinson's disease is greatly increasing in Germany and mainly affects patients with severe motor complications and secondary parkinsonian syndromes. Particularly in rural areas, there is a risk of overburdening the treatment infrastructure, so that both outpatient and inpatient sectors must be strengthened. A limitation of the study is the analysis of only DRG coded data, whose quality could be improved in subsequent examinations by comparison with the current diagnostic criteria of the specialist societies.

[Availability of mechanical thrombectomy for acute stroke : Analysis of the health care reality in Germany]. / Verfügbarkeit der mechanischen Thrombektomie bei akutem Hirninfarkt : Analyse der Versorgungsrealität in Deutschland.

BACKGROUND: Mechanical thrombectomy (MT) has become an evidence-based therapy for stroke patients with proximal vessel occlusion of the anterior cerebral circulation. Nationwide availability of MT for all eligible patients within the shortest possible time window is a major challenge. AIM OF THE STUDY: Nationwide analysis of the rates of systemic thrombolysis (STL) and MT in Germany according to region and hospital-based evaluation. METHODS: The evaluation involved data analysis of the diagnosis-related groups (DRG) statistics and structured quality reports of hospitals for 2010 and 2014. The rates and changes of STL and MT were evaluated in the 413 German districts with reference to the corresponding case number of patients with acute ischemic stroke. RESULTS: Nationwide recanalization treatment rates increased from 2010 to 2014 both for STL (from 8.0% to 11.6%) and MT (from 0.7% to 2.3%). High variations were observed depending on the patient's place of residence (STL = 3.4-36.7%, MT = 0-7.4%). In 2014 a total of 5526 MT were coded in a total of 244,757 ischemic strokes. A total of 134 hospitals with more than 2 MT per year were identified; however, 21% of the nationwide MTs were performed in only 7 hospitals with more than 100 MT/year. In 308 (75%) of the 413 districts, not a single MT was performed. CONCLUSION: Due to a narrow net of certified stroke units with nationwide availability of STL, excellent structural conditions for treatment of acute stroke patients are already established in Germany. With regard to the nationwide availability of MT, there is still a need for optimization. Despite the increasing number of hospitals providing MT as an emergency procedure, a trend toward large intervention centers with supraregional catchment areas can be observed.

[Treatment reality of internal carotid artery stenosis in Germany : requirement and reality in international comparison and in light of the current S3 guidelines]. / Versorgungsrealität von Karotisstenosen in Deutschland : Forderung und Wirklichkeit im internationalen Vergleich und im Lichte der aktuellen S3-Leitlinie.

BACKGROUND: Severe atherosclerotic extracranial carotid artery stenosis accounts for 5-10 % of all ischemic strokes. Currently, therapeutic recommendations are undergoing changes, particularly regarding the treatment of asymptomatic stenosis. Consolidated knowledge on the indications, nationwide distribution and numbers of cases are not available. Moreover, the impact and grade of implementation of the recently published national S3 guidelines on the reality of medical treatment remain unclear. METHODS: Analysis of administrative hospital data involving the diagnosis-related groups (DRG) statistics and structured quality reports for 2010 and 2013 to evaluate the procedural therapy trends concerning operative and interventional approaches for symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid artery stenoses. RESULTS: In Germany approximately 37,000 carotid endarterectomies (CEA) and approximately 5,000 carotid angioplasties with stenting (CAS) are carried out per year. Approximately 94 % of CEA and 62 % of CAS are performed in centers with more than 25 procedures per year. Only 33 % of CEA and 39 % of CAS are related to symptomatic stenosis. CONCLUSION: Mathematically, an undertreatment of symptomatic and an overtreatment of asymptomatic carotid artery stenoses become apparent. Efforts should be made to achieve inpatient medical treatment conforming to the national S3 guidelines, in particular to adequately reduce the risk of stroke recurrence in patients with atherosclerotic symptomatic carotid artery stenosis.

[Quality parameters in the treatment of acute stroke: comparison of various regional treatment concepts]. / Qualitätsparameter der akuten Schlaganfallversorgung: Gegenüberstellung unterschiedlicher regionaler Versorgungskonzepte.

BACKGROUND: The long-term prognosis of stroke patients is still dependent in particular on the timing of a correct diagnosis, immediate initiation of a suitable specific therapy and competent treatment in a stroke unit. Therefore, nationwide attempts are being made to establish a comprehensive coverage of the necessary specific competence and infrastructural requirements. Divergent regional circumstances and economic viewpoints determine the characteristics of the various healthcare concepts and the interplay between participating cooperation partners. This article compares the development with respect to three qualitative treatment parameters exemplified by four regional healthcare models during the time period 2008-2011. METHODS: The hospitalization rates for patients with transitory ischemic attacks, ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, the case numbers for stoke unit treatment and the rates of systemic thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy in the regions of Berlin, the Ruhr Area, Ostwestfalen-Lippe and southeast Bayern (TEMPiS) are presented based on the data from the DRG statistical reports for the years 2008 and 2011. RESULTS: The average hospitalization rates for ischemic stroke patients (brain infarct ICD 163) in the time period from 2008 to 2011 were 294 per 100,000 inhabitants for the Ruhr Area, 257 per 100,000 inhabitants for Ostwestfalen-Lippe and 265 per 100,000 inhabitants each for Berlin and southeast Bayern. The complex stroke treatment quota for southeast Bayern in 2008 was 31 % and 47 % in 2011 and the respective quotas for the other regions studied were 42-44 % and 58-59 %. The rate of systemic thrombolysis in 2008 ranged between 4.2 % and 7.4 % and in 2011 the increase in the range for the 4 regions studied was between 41 % and 145 %. In 2011 the thrombectomy quota of 2 % in the Ruhr Area was the only one which was above the national average of 1.3 % of all brain infarcts. DISCUSSION: Stroke is a common disease in the four regions studied. For the established forms of therapy, complex treatment of stroke and systemic thrombolysis, the positive effect of structurally improved approaches in the four different regional treatment concepts could be confirmed during the course of the observational time period selected. Mechanical thrombectomy which is currently still considered to be an individual healing attempt, was used significantly more often in the Ruhr Area in 2011 than in the other three regions studied. A standardized referral procedure had previously been established in the metropolitan regions.

[Reality of acute stroke patient care in the metropolitan Ruhr area: status quo and perspectives of a stroke-specific network]. / Versorgungsrealität der Patienten mit ischämischem Schlaganfall im Ruhrgebiet : Aktueller Stand und Perspektiven einer fachspezifischen Vernetzung.

BACKGROUND: Networking structures are constructed to improve daily care of acute stroke patients, in the Ruhr area by the association of 26 neurological departments. Quality of care can be measured by the rate of stroke unit treatment and of thrombolysis. Epidemiological data are mainly derived from registers resulting in sparse insight into incidence and rate of specialized care in daily practice. METHODS: The study involved data analysis of diagnosis-related groups (DRG) statistics and structured quality reports for 2008 and 2010 for depiction of the quality of routine treatment. Aggregation of the number of cases for incidence, rate of stroke unit treatment and thrombolysis district, province, and nation wide were analyzed. RESULTS: In 5.2 million inhabitants, the incidence of ischemic stroke (ICD I63) was 296/100,000 in 2010 (district-wise range 244-364) and 56% of patients were treated on a stroke unit (range 18-80%; 2008: 43%, range 10-72%). The rate of thrombolysis (ICD I63) was 6.4% and 9.1% in 2008 and 2010 (2008 range 0-11.2%, 2010 range 3.9-18.0%), respectively, which was significantly above the provincial average in 10 out of 15 districts. DISCUSSION: Ischemic stroke is a common disease in the area and the quality of care (e.g. stroke unit treatment and thrombolysis rate) is above average. The heterogeneous character of the region allows an exemplary networking aiming for the improvement of routine patient care, e.g. by the implementation of homogeneous standards and structural measures for the implementation of novel therapies. The current analysis allows the identification of the potential for optimization and monitoring of any changes.

Determination of the unusual amino acid hypusine at the lower picomole level by derivatization with 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene-4'-sulphonyl chloride and reversed-phase high-performance or medium-pressure liquid chromatography.

Hypusine, an unusual amino acid formed by post-translational modification of lysine, is normally determined by specific metabolic labelling followed by measurement of released radioactivity after protein hydrolysis. This paper describes a sensitive non-radioactive method for the determination of hypusine, involving complete protein hydrolysis and precolumn derivatization of the released amino acids with 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene-4'-sulphonyl chloride, followed by reversed-phase high-performance or medium-pressure liquid chromatography of the dabsylated derivatives. The detection limit of hypusine was about 500 fmol. Additionally, the hypusine-containing protein from the archaebacterium Sulfolobus acidocaldarius was purified. By applying the dabsylation method to the analysis of tryptic peptides derived from this protein, it was possible to determine the correct positioning of the hypusine residue in the amino acid sequence, which was not possible by the amino acid sequencing procedure alone.

The archaebacterial hypusine-containing protein. Structural features suggest common ancestry with eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A.

The amino acid hypusine is formed by post-translational modification of a lysine residue in eukaryotes and archaebacteria but up to now only the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF-5A has been known to contain this unique component. We isolated and purified a hypusine-containing protein from the thermophilic archaebacterium Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. The mainly cytosolic protein comprised about 0.03% of the post-ribosomal supernatant protein. No other hypusine-containing protein could be detected in S. acidocaldarius. The molar ratio of hypusine/hypusine-containing protein was 1:1. SDS/PAGE showed a molecular mass of 16.8 kDa; a pI of 7.8 for the native protein resulted from IEF. The N-terminus was blocked. Four cyanogen bromide fragments were partially sequenced and used to derive two 17-base oligonucleotide probes. A 3-kb HindIII fragment of genomic DNA hybridizing with both probes was cloned. By sequencing of exonuclease III deletion clones an open reading frame of 405 nucleotides was found coding for a protein of 135 amino acids with a molecular mass of 15 kDa. It contained all cyanogen bromide sequences analysed. Sequence alignment revealed that seven of eight residues around Lys40 in the Sulfolobus hypusine-containing protein were identical to the nonapeptides centered by hypusine in the three eIF-5A proteins sequenced so far. The Edman procedure gave no phenylthiohydantoin derivative for this position. For a central region of 44 residues a sequence similarity of 54% between the archaebacterial and eukaryotic proteins was calculated; for the total sequence about 33% similarity resulted. In addition, there were a number of conservative changes. The unique lysine modification surrounded by a conserved sequence strongly suggests a common ancestry of archaebacterial hypusine-containing protein and eIF-5A. Together with similarities in molecular mass and intracellular localization, it may point to an analogous biochemical function.

Documentation of drug substitution in the medical record.

Although generic drugs have been well accepted by many pharmacists, physicians, nurses, and patients, some pharmacists are reluctant to use them because of difficulties in communicating these substitutions to other health care practitioners in the facility. This article present one method of communicating this information, thereby making the use of generic drug more acceptable and safer.