ABSTRACT
Windsurfing is a demanding activity that requires a high level of physical fitness as well as appropriate training and nutritional strategies. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the dietary intake of amateur windsurfers and consider possible dietary mistakes. This field study was conducted among 10 Polish male amateur windsurfers (aged 22 ± 2 years, mean training experience of 9.5 ± 4 years). Dietary intake was assessed using a standardized 3-day food record. The total energy expenditure of each participant was estimated using a mobile fitness application. The daily energy supply in assessed portions of the windsurfers' food was lower than the estimated demand during the competition. The contribution of macronutrients to the total energy intake adhered to those guidelines, but not with the ones recommended for athletes practicing extreme sports. Daily fluid consumption was insufficient. In the windsurfers' diet, we noticed low consumption of vitamin D and calcium, while cholesterol, sodium, potassium, and phosphorus intake was too high. Nutritional practices of amateur windsurfers during the competitive period do not comply with current sports nutrition guidelines. The results suggest that windsurfers are in need of nutritional education and dietary counseling in order to meet macronutrient intake targets.
Subject(s)
Dietary Carbohydrates , Nutritional Status , Athletes , Diet , Dietary Fats , Energy Intake , Humans , Male , Nutrition Assessment , PolandABSTRACT
2'-Fluoro-3-(substituted pyridine)epibatidine analogues 7a-e and 8a-e were synthesized, and their in vitro and in vivo nAChR properties were determined. 2'-Fluoro-3'-(4â³-pyridinyl)deschloroepibatidine (7a) and 2'-fluoro-3'-(3â³-pyridinyl)deschloroepibatidine (8a) were synthesized as bioisosteres of the 4'-nitrophenyl lead compounds 5a and 5g. Comparison of the in vitro nAChR properties of 7a and 8a to those of 5a and 5g showed that 7a and 8a had in vitro nAChR properties similar to those of 5a and 5g but both were more selective for the α4ß2-nAChR relative to the α3ß4- and α7-nAChRs than 5a and 5g. The in vivo nAChR properties in mice of 7a were similar to those of 5a. In contrast, 8a was an agonist in all four mouse acute tests, whereas 5g was active only in a spontaneous activity test. In addition, 5g was a nicotine antagonist in both the tail-flick and hot-plate tests, whereas 8a was an antagonist only in the tail-flick test.
Subject(s)
Analgesics/chemical synthesis , Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/chemical synthesis , Pyridines/chemical synthesis , Receptors, Nicotinic/metabolism , Analgesics/chemistry , Analgesics/pharmacology , Animals , Body Temperature/drug effects , Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/chemistry , Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/pharmacology , Contraindications , Female , Male , Mice , Nicotinic Agonists/chemical synthesis , Nicotinic Agonists/chemistry , Nicotinic Agonists/pharmacology , Nicotinic Antagonists/chemical synthesis , Nicotinic Antagonists/chemistry , Nicotinic Antagonists/pharmacology , Oocytes/drug effects , Oocytes/physiology , Pain/drug therapy , Pain/physiopathology , Patch-Clamp Techniques , Pyridines/chemistry , Pyridines/pharmacology , Radioligand Assay , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Structure-Activity Relationship , XenopusABSTRACT
The use of enterococci as the primary fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) for the determination of recreational water safety has been questioned, particularly in sub/tropical marine waters without known point sources of sewage. Alternative FIB (such as the Bacteroidales group) and alternative measurement methods (such as rapid molecular testing) have been proposed to supplement or replace current marine water quality testing methods which require culturing enterococci. Moreover, environmental parameters have also been proposed to supplement current monitoring programs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the health risks to humans from exposure to subtropical recreational marine waters with no known point source. The study reported symptoms between one set of human subjects randomly assigned to marine water exposure with intensive environmental monitoring compared with other subjects who did not have exposure. In addition, illness outcomes among the exposed bathers were compared to levels of traditional and alternative FIB (as measured by culture-based and molecular-based methods), and compared to easily measured environmental parameters. Results demonstrated an increase in self-reported gastrointestinal, respiratory and skin illnesses among bathers vs. non-bathers. Among the bathers, a dose-response relationship by logistic regression modeling was observed for skin illness, where illness was positively related to enterococci enumeration by membrane filtration (odds ratio = 1.46 [95% confidence interval = 0.97-2.21] per increasing log10 unit of enterococci exposure) and positively related to 24 h antecedent rain fall (1.04 [1.01-1.07] per increasing millimeters of rain). Acute febrile respiratory illness was inversely related to water temperature (0.74 [0.56-0.98] per increasing degree of water temperature). There were no significant dose-response relationships between report of human illness and any of the other FIB or environmental measures. Therefore, for non-point source subtropical recreational marine waters, this study suggests that humans may be at increased risk of reported illness, and that the currently recommended and investigational FIB may not track gastrointestinal illness under these conditions; the relationship between other human illness and environmental measures is less clear.
