ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Despite studies of dermatologic manifestations in adults with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), little is known about the prevalence of IBD-associated skin lesions and their correlation with IBD severity in children. We aimed to address these knowledge gaps in our single-center cohort of children with IBD. METHODS: Retrospective chart review of 528 children and adolescents (≤18 years old) with IBD and seen at Mayo Clinic (Rochester, MN) between 1999 and 2017 was conducted. The Chi-Square/Fischer's exact test (with p ≤ .05 to signify statistical significance) was applied to compare categorical outcomes between Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) patients. RESULTS: In total, 425 IBD patients (64.9% CD, 53% males) and ≥1 dermatologic diagnosis were included. Presence of ≥1 cutaneous infection was recorded in 42.8% of participants. Acne was the most common non-infectious dermatologic condition (30.8%), followed by eczema (15.8%) and perianal skin tags (14.6%). Angular cheilitis (p = .024), keratosis pilaris (KP, p = .003), and perianal skin complications (i.e., skin tags, fistula, and abscesses; all p < .001) were more frequently diagnosed among children with CD, while fungal skin infections (p = .017) were more frequently diagnosed in UC patients. Severity of IBD correlated with higher prevalence of perianal fistula (p = .003), perianal abscess (p = .041), psoriasis (p < .001), and pyoderma gangrenosum (PG, p = .003). CONCLUSIONS: Both IBD-specific and IBD-nonspecific dermatologic conditions are very prevalent in childhood IBD, the most common being infectious. Children with CD are more likely to experience angular cheilitis, KP, and perianal skin findings than those with UC. Perianal disease, psoriasis, and PG are associated with more severe IBD.
Subject(s)
Cheilitis , Colitis, Ulcerative , Crohn Disease , Fistula , Inflammatory Bowel Diseases , Psoriasis , Skin Diseases , Skin Neoplasms , Adult , Male , Adolescent , Humans , Child , Female , Retrospective Studies , Cheilitis/complications , Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/complications , Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/epidemiology , Crohn Disease/complications , Crohn Disease/epidemiology , Crohn Disease/diagnosis , Colitis, Ulcerative/complications , Colitis, Ulcerative/epidemiology , Colitis, Ulcerative/diagnosis , Abscess , Skin Diseases/etiology , Skin Diseases/complications , Psoriasis/complications , Psoriasis/epidemiology , Skin Neoplasms/complications , Fistula/complicationsABSTRACT
Background: Dexmedetomidine is a selective alpha-2 agonist with sedative, analgesic, and anxiolytic properties used intravenously for procedural sedation and in the intensive care unit. The reported use of intranasal (IN) dexmedetomidine for symptom management in pediatric palliative care is limited. Case History: A boy with cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome and refractory irritability was supported by pediatric palliative care throughout numerous hospitalizations for goals of care discussions and pain and symptom management. Given functional and multiorgan system deterioration, he was enrolled in home hospice to optimize comfort measures at anticipated end of life. After the addition of scheduled IN dexmedetomidine for management of irritability, the boy demonstrated marked improvement in comfort and sleep. Conclusion: This case report shows the successful use of IN dexmedetomidine for management of refractory irritability with no noted adverse effects. Future studies and use of this medication will need to consider potential indications, optimal dosing, and long-term effects in the pediatric palliative care setting.
