Spatiotemporal epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis cases of Dibrugarh district from 2014 to 2018: A hospital record-based descriptive study.

Background: Since 1976, several JE outbreaks have been reported from most of the districts of Assam. Objectives: The present study aims to conduct a descriptive and spatial analysis to understand the spatiotemporal distribution of JE cases of Dibrugarh district. Methods: Spatiotemporal distribution of JE cases from 2014 to 2018 at village level was described in maps using Geographical Information System. Spatial association between JE reporting places in the study area has been analyzed using spatial statistics analytical techniques. Temporal distribution of JE cases from 2014 to 2018 for different variable were described in tables. Results: During the period 2014-2018, incidence rate of JE cases ranged between 2.7/100,000 and 5.9/100,000 population and highest case fatality rate was 18.3% in 2014. Highest numbers of JE cases were reported in the age group 0-10 years. Most of the JE cases were from rural areas (84.2%). There was a seasonal pattern of JE which peaked in July. There were hotspots around Dibrugarh Municipality area, Duliajan oil town, Hatiali gaon, Naharkatiya chah bagicha, Nagaon Dhadumia gaon, and Nahortoli Tea Estate. Conclusion: On the basis of the study, JE hotspots can be identified that would help health authorities to further investigate and identify the factors responsible for its occurrence.

Pattern of Gross Congenital Malformations in a Tertiary Referral Hospital in Northeast India.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the prevalence of structural congenital malformations among newborns and study some of the fetal and maternal characteristics of the malformed babies in North east India where such systematic study on congenital malformation has not been undertaken before. METHODS: A cross sectional study was undertaken from May 2010 through Feb 2013 for estimation of gross congenital malformations among live birth and stillbirth children born in Assam Medical College. All live births were clinically examined for detection of gross congenital malformations and autopsy was carried out on still births and neonates dying within 24 h of birth to detect gross congenital malformations in the internal organs. All malformations were classified as per ICD 10 classification. The mothers of the newborns with congenital malformations were interviewed in a predesigned, pretested proforma. The variables included maternal age, antenatal registration, antenatal history of drug intake, consanguinity and previous history of malformations. Statistical analysis was done using chi square test. RESULTS: A total 18,192 births including live births and still births were examined and 206 cases of structural malformations were observed. Prevalence of congenital malformations was 1.2 % of the total live births. Distribution of malformation was predominant among males than in females (60.67 vs. 37.37 %; p < 0.05). Musculoskeletal system was the most common system involved. Prevalence of malformation of the cardiovascular system was found to be very low. Malformations among stillbirths and newborns born to unregistered mothers were significantly more. Percentage of malformations in babies born to mothers of more than 30 y of age was higher than other age groups (2.2 %). Occurrence of malformations in low birth weight babies were significantly more (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of malformations was 1.2 % of the total live births. Musculoskeletal system was the most common system involved. Congenital malformations were significantly associated with sex of the new born, registration of the mother and birth weight of the newborn.