[Medical and genetic consequences of radiation catastrophies].

The literature data concerning radiation catastrophes that occurred all over the world are analyzed. Causes, scales, clinical and genetic effects are discussed. Special consideration is given to the early and distant consequences of Chernobyl PAS catastrophe.

[Genoprotective effect of sodium humate in conditions of induced oxidative stress].

It was shown that sodium humate in a range of concentration of 50-1000 mg/l reduces a level of clastogenic effects induced with dioxidin (20 mg/l), a prooxidant mutagene. The greatest effect was observed at concentration of 300 mg/l. Direct doze-effect dependence under the influence of sodium humate was not revealed. Possible antioxydative and desmutagenic mechanisms of sodium humate protective action are discussed.

[Effect of reparation processes on formation of human individual radiosensitivity at the chromosome level].

The results of experimental investigations of the role of DNA repair as the key factor of human individual radiosensitivity formation are presented. It is shown that repair potential of hypersensitive to irradiation individuals is approximately twice lower as compared with the control group.

[Human individual radiosensitivity: cytogenetical aspects].

In accordance with the fundamental principles of the radiation cytogenetics the scheme of cytogenetical examinations of individual radiosensitivity of relatively healthy donors on the basis of chromosomal test (G2-assay) has been developed and tested.

[Mutagenesis induced with dioxidin in the Allium-test].

The influence of dioxidin in different concentrations (10-100 mg/l) on the cytogenetic parameters of Allium cepa L. has been studied. The mutagenic effect of dioxidin was shown within all the range of the studied concentrations. The curve "dose-effect" has been determined for the concentrations of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 100 mg/l. The peak of the mutagenic effect and significant reduction of the mitotic index were revealed at the concentration of 100 mg/l. It was shown that the mutagenic efficiency of the dioxidin statistically correlated with reduction of the mitotic activities.

[Biological indication and dosimetry of unstable chromosome aberration frequencies in human lymphocytes]. / Biolohichna indykatsiia ta dozymetriia za chastotoiu nestabil'nykh aberatsii khromosom u limfotsytakh liudyny.

Review is devoted to the problems of biological (cytogenetic) dosimetry and indication of degree of radiation lesions based on analysis of unstable chromosome aberrations in lymphocytes of human peripheral blood. Effects of radiation in low doses on human chromosomes and methodology of interpretation of the character of dose cytogenetic curves are discussed. Traditional cytogenetic analysis remains the basic one for monitoring in groups of people with accidental irradiation.

[Gene pool of the population of Ukraine: Current state and new approaches to maintenance and conservation]. / Genofond narodonaselennia Ukraïny: Suchasnyi stan ta novi pidkhody do problemy zakhystu i zberezhennia.

Defense and conservation of the Ukraine Population genofond are the most topical problem of nowadays. Stating of the criteria of population genofond status valuation, revealing all the damaging factors and applying of scientific methods of modern genetics are necessary for the development of theoretical and methodological bases of this problem. The authors try to analyze in detail negative factors causing damage in genofond of the Ukraine population, to forecast the dynamics of further development of ecological-genetic situation in the Ukraine, to analyze new approaches to the problem of genofond defense and conservation, as well as estimation of possible consequences caused by changes in population genofond.

[The effect of different doses of gonadotropins on the quantitative, morphological and cytogenetic characteristics of oocytes from CBA mice]. / Vplyv riznykh doz honadotropiniv na kil'kisni, morfolohichni ta tsytohenetychni kharakterystyky ootsytiv myshei liniï CBA.

The effect of gonadotropins (PMSG/HCG) dose on number, quality and cytogenetic characteristics of CBA mouse oocytes was investigated. The oocytes from natural cycle were used as a control. Using of 5 IU dose led to increasing of oocytes number with no differences in their parameters from control ones. Percentage of oocytes of bed quality, with nuclear material degeneration, and parthenogenetically activated oocytes were found to increase under 10 IU and 15 IU dosage.

[The antimutagenic activity of biomass extracts from the cultured cells of medicinal plants in the Ames test]. / Doslizhzhennia antymutahennoï aktyvnosti ekstraktiv iz biomasy kul'tyvovanykh klityn deiakykh likars'kykh roslyn u testi Eimsa.

Antimutagenic activity of 20 and 40% ethanol extracts from the biomass of Rhodiola rosea, Polyscias filicifolia, Panax ginseng and Ungernia victoris cultured cells have been studied. DDDTDP, ethidium bromide, benz(a)pyrene, benzidine served as model mutagens for Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 strain (the latter two were tested in presence of metabolic activation system); for S. typhimurium TA 100 strain these were tio-tefa, bichromate potassium and sodium azide and heavy metal compounds (chlorides of manganese, zinc, cadmium, lead acetate) for both strains. Higher capacity of the extracts from the biomass of R. rosea and P. filicifolia to counteract gene mutations induced by various mutagens was demonstrated (ca. 90% inhibition in isolated cases). In the experiment with the metabolic activation most effective proved to be the extracts from the P. ginseng biomass (up to 34% and 47% mutagenicity inhibition).

[The status and developmental outlook of the priority scientific trend in environmental protection]. / Stan ta perspektyvi rozvytku priorytetnoho naukovoho napriamu "Okhorona navkolyshn'oho seredovyshcha".

Scientific researches carried out in the area of environmental sanitation are closely related to the principal lines of activity in industry and farming of Ukraine. The main task of research work is establishing principles, criteria and methods of comprehensive assessment of injury to health secondary to environmental contamination. With the purpose of identification of the real physical and chemical environmental factors load that human body experiences, an inventory has been made at the Ukrainian Scientific Research Centre for Hygiene of carcinogen sources, with the concept having been worked out of creation of the integrated system for control of safe NPS operation, and a concept proposed of genetic monitoring, and of state genetic load surveillance service in different regions of Ukraine, taking account of the degree of environmental pollution.

[The morphological and cytogenetic aspects in a study of chorionic and placental biopsies in pregnant women who are over the age of 35]. / Morfolohichni ta tsytohenetychni aspekty pry doslidzhenni bioptatu khoriona i platsenty u vahitnykh zhinok, vik iakykh perevyshchuie 35 rokiv.

Perinatal pathology and morbidity takes the leading role in children pathology and morbidity today. These indices are of significance for the pregnant women of high risk group pregnant women in the age of 35 and above occupying peculiar place in this group. In this connection the morphological studies of chorion and placenta biopsies in this group of patients are important and urgent. The cytogenetical analysis of these tissues allows one to solve completely the problems of the presence or absence of chromosome fetal malformations in terms of 8-24 weeks, when the elimination of fetus is still possible.

[Genetic monitoring of the population of the Carpathian region under anthropogenic pollution of the environment]. / Henetychnyi monitorynh naselennia Prykarpattia v umovakh antropohennoho zabrudnennia navkolyshn'oho seredovyshcha.

A genetic monitoring was conducted in a number of ecological regions of Precarpathia on the basis of clinical and epidemiological indices for the frequency of spontaneous abortions, specific weight of multiple birth, dynamics of number born living over the twelve-year period of 1985-1996, with the incidence and nosological spectrum of congenital malformations and hereditary diseases having been characterized. Negative genetic changes were disclosed in those communities under health-hazard conditions. Predominance of spontaneous abortions early in gestation was established together with decline in birth rate, increase in perinatal mortality, congenital malformations, and hereditary diseases in neonates and in children having died in the perinatal period.

[An approach to genetic monitoring via a genetic registry]. / Pidkhid do henetychnoho monitorynhu cherez henetychnyi reiestr.

The analysis of the selective excerpt of the children with the inherited disorders has been made on the basis of the Kiev Medical Genetic Center, where the regional anonymous syndromological computer register has been organized. Register's file during 1993-96 has the information about 883 families that has a genetically ill proband. Genetic syndrome has been diagnosed in 78.02% (105 nosological points). The information taken from the register has allowed for the first time to distinguish the inherited pathology from the acquired one, so the new mutation from 30.23% out of all registered inherited disease. The necessity of the creation of the National Genetic Register in the Ukraine and the new conception of the two-stage genetical monitoring of the population has been proved.

[The prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis of fetal chromosomal pathology in women in a high-risk group]. / Prenatal'na tsytohenetychna diahnostyka khromosomnoï patolohiï plodu u zhinok hrupy vysokoho ryzyku.

The results of investigation of 908 chorion and placental biopsy in 873 pregnant women of high risk a group is presented. Fetal pathology was diagnosed with the help of "direct" method and shot-term method of culture of chorionic villi and placenta, as well as method of long-term fetal lymphocyte cultures. The efficiency of invasive methods of prenatal diagnosis, and their role in decrease of perinatal disease and mortality was confirmed.

[Disorders in the synchronism of homologous chromosome condensation in women with a predisposed familial anamnesis]. / Porushennia synkhronnosti kondensatsiï homolohichnykh khromosom u zhinok z obtiazhenym simeinym anamnezom.

The automatic program for cytogenetic investigations of differentially stained chromosomes was developed and used in practice. The high sensitive criterium for automatic selection of persons who has the early symptoms of karyotype instability was created. We performed the cytogenetic analysis in the women who has a burdened obstetric anamnesis after the exposure to radiation in Pripyat, in the group of healthy women from Kiev, and began the creation of computerized data bank of differentially stained human chromosomes.

[The epidemiological problems of hereditary diseases and congenital developmental defects in Ukraine]. / Problemy epidemiolohiï spadkovykh khvorob ta pryrodzhenykh vad v razvytku v Ukraïni.

A description is provided of significance of epidemiological investigations designed to study hereditary pathology to be able to assess health status of the population. The state-in-the-art in this branch of medical science in Ukraine is reviewed. It is shown that the is a problem in this country of hypodiagnosis and inadequate recording of hereditary diseases and congenital developmental anomalies. The contributors to this article submit a system of registration of hereditary pathology, worked out on the basis of a medicogenetical service that starts functioning in Ukraine.

[The results of cytogenetic studies of workers in industrial enterprises]. / Rezul'taty tsytohenetychnykh doslidzhen' u robitnykiv promyslovykh vyrobnitstv.

Cytogenetic monitoring of workers of large industrial enterprizes showed the presence of chromatide aberrations in the peripheral blood lymphocytes, which were more manifest in workers of chemical and byproduct cokeplants, and somewhat less apparent in metallurgists. The frequency of metaphases involving chromosomal aberrations is dependent upon the duration of occupational exposure to chemical mutagens. However, the number of chromosomal abberrations does not appear to be influenced by chemical factors remaining essantially the same. The human embrion genome sensitivity to the chemical mutagen action was found to be much higher than that of somatic cells of the adults occupationally exposed to alterating factors. Use of complexes of antioxidants (tocopheroli acetas, quercetin, splenin) makes for reduction in the number of chromosomal aberrations in workers engaged in chemical industry.

[The results of a cytogenetic examination of children who were victims of the accident at the Chernobyl Atomic Electric Power Station and who reside in an ecologically unfavorable region]. / Rezul'taty tsytohenetychnoho obstezhennia ditei, iaki prostrazhdaly vid avariï na Chornobyl'skii AES i prozhyvaiut' v ekolohichno nespryiatlyvomu raioni.

It has been detected that children evacuated from the zone with the elevated radioactivity level have the increased number of chromosomal and chromatid aberrations. The frequency of chromatid aberrations is 2.1-fold lower in country-side children than in children from industrial towns. Cytogenetic disturbances in immunocompetent cells correlate with the level of immune imbalance. Children born in families of liquidators of the ChNPP accident in the first year after their return from the accident zone have substantial cytogenetic and immune disturbances. Children living near sources of atmospheric pollution are characterized by the 3-4-fold increase in frequencies of chromatid anomalies and by the development of a pronounced immunodeficiency.