The localization of CD3, CD79a, CD68 and S100 protein immunoreactive cells in hemal nodes of Saanen goat (Capra hircus).

We investigated the structure of hemal nodes in Saanen goats using immunohistochemical staining. We examined the distribution of CD3 positive T lymphocytes, CD79a positive B lymphocytes, CD68 positive macrophages and S100 protein positive follicular dendritic cells. Hemal nodes of six healty adult female goats were used. Hemal nodes were removed from the thoracic and abdominal cavities. The oval to round hemal nodes were observed especially between the abdominal aorta and vena cava, and near the kidneys and adrenal glands. Tissue sections were stained with Crossmon's modified triple stain to demonstrate general histological structure. The avidin-biotin-peroxidase technique using anti-CD3, anti-CD79a, anti-CD68 and anti-S100 primary antibodies was used for immunohistochemistry. Many CD3 positive T lymphocytes were found in the germinal center of the lymph follicles and in the lymphatic cords of hemal nodes; CD3 positive cells also were observed in the sinuses. CD79a and CD68 positive cells were found at the germinal center of the lymph follicles. In the lymph follicles near the subcapsular sinuses, CD79a and CD68 positive cells were found especially in e areas bordering the mantle zone. S100 positive cells were found in the lymph follicles, lymphatic cords and sinuses.

The In vitro Evaluation of the effect of xyliwhite, probiotic, and the conventional toothpastes on the enamel roughness and microhardness.

AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of fluoride, Xylitol, Probiotic, and Whitening toothpastes on the permanent teeth enamel roughness and microhardness. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and twenty teeth were randomly divided into 2 groups, each group having 60 samples. G1: The group in which enamel roughness was examined (n = 60). G2: The group in which enamel microhardness was examined (n = 60). Then, these groups were randomly divided into 4 groups among themselves (n = 15). Each group was brushed using four different toothpastes for 1 week with a battery-powered toothbrush in the morning and evening for 2 min. Vicker's hardness tester was used to measure the changes in microhardness, and the profilometer was used to measure the changes in surface roughness. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were found on surface roughness and microhardness values measured after tooth brushing process in group brushed with Colgate MaxFresh toothpaste (P > 0.01). Statistically significant decrease was observed on Vicker's hardness values measured after tooth brushing process in groups brushed with Ipana White Power Carbonate toothpaste, Xyliwhite Toothpaste Gel, and Periobiotic Probiotic Toothpaste (P < 0.01). Statistically significant increase was observed on surface roughness values in groups brushed with Ipana White Power Carbonate toothpaste, Xyliwhite Toothpaste Gel, Periobiotic Probiotic Toothpaste (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: As a result, Colgate MaxFresh abrasive-free toothpaste with fluoride has no effect on permanent tooth enamel surface roughness and microhardness. Xyliwhite, Periobiotic, and Ipana White Power Carbonate-containing abrasive toothpastes led to changes negatively on permanent tooth enamel surface roughness and microhardness.

Antimicrobial Effect of Toothpastes Containing Fluoride, Xylitol, or Xylitol-Probiotic on Salivary Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus in Children.

AIM: This in vivo study was designed to compare the antimicrobial effect of toothpastes containing fluoride, xylitol, or xylitol-probiotic on Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus in 13-15-year-old children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study consisted of 60 pediatric patients who were randomly divided into three groups of 20 each. Group 1 recieved fluoride toothpaste (Colgate Max Fresh), group 2 used xylitol toothpaste (Xyliwhite), and group 3 used xylitol-probiotic toothpaste (PerioBiotic). Participants were asked to use the allocated dentifrice two times a day for 6 weeks. We performed tests on the saliva samples at the beginning of the study and after 6 weeks' duration following the use of toothpaste. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 15 software and chi-square test were used for data analysis. RESULTS: PerioBiotic toothpaste and Colgate Max Fresh toothpaste showed significant reduction in the number of participants who, prior to commencing the study, were diagnosed with a high number of cariogenic bacteria. On the contrary, no significant changes were observed with respect to the number of participants with a very high number of S. mutans and Lactobacillus on Xyliwhite toothpaste group. CONCLUSION: In the light of the data obtained in this in-vivo study, a new innovational aspect has been reached in the use of probiotics to ensure the balance between bacterial flora in the oral cavity. In daily routine, the administration of probiotics to children is difficult. The toothpaste can be used as a vehicle to transport probiotics to children's mouth.

Morphology of the atrioventricular valves and related intraventricular structures in the wild pig (Sus scrofa).

Morphology of the atrioventricular valves and the intraventricular related structures of 7 hearts of the wild pigs (Sus scrota) were observed by applying macroscopic and microscopic techniques and the findings were compared broadly to the literature. In all hearts examined, the tricuspid and mitral valves were normal and composed of 3 and 2 cusps, respectively. The papillary muscles observed in mammalian heart in general were found in both the ventricles; additionally, there were small unnamed papillary muscles in the left ventricle of the three samples. The sept marginal trabecula and false chords were present in the right ventricles, microscopically possessing myocardial fibres, connective tissue and Purkinje cells; while the false chords were located in all the left ventricles, but the sept marginal trabecula was found in the 3 samples only. Both the connective tissue and Purkinje cells were present in these two structures, but the myocardial fibres were not. Presence of the myocardial fibres in the right ventricle may have an effect on the ventricle geometry.

Glisson's capsule cauterisation is associated with increased postoperative pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a prospective case-control study.

INTRODUCTION Postoperative pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy has three components: parietal, visceral and referred pain felt at the shoulder. Visceral peritoneal injury on the liver (Glisson's capsule) during cauterisation sometimes occurs as an unavoidable complication of the operation. Its effect on postoperative pain has not been quantified. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the association between Glisson's capsule injury and postoperative pain following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. METHODS The study was a prospective case-control of planned standard laparoscopic cholecystectomy with standardized anaesthesia protocol in patients with benign gallbladder disease. Visual analogue scale (VAS) abdominal pain scores were noted at 2 and 24 hours after the operation. One surgical team performed the operations. Operative videos were recorded and examined later by another team to detect presence of Glisson's capsule cauterisation. Eighty-one patients were enrolled into the study. After examination of the operative videos, 46 patients with visceral peritoneal injury were included in the study group, and the remaining 35 formed the control group. RESULTS VAS pain score at postoperative 2 and 24 hours was significantly higher in the study group than control (P = 0.027 and 0.017, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Glisson's capsule cauterisation in laparoscopic cholecystectomy is associated with increased postoperative pain. Additional efforts are recommended to prevent unintentional cauterisation.

Tongue and lingual salivary glands of the canary: scanning electron microscopy and histochemical study.

In this study, morphological characteristics of the canary tongue were examined macroscopically and histologically besides using scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, histochemical features of the lingual salivary glands of the canary were also examined. The results suggest that the tongue of the canary has an equilateral quadrangle shape is sloped towards the apex on its dorsal surface; where its sides are bounded by tall epithelial extensions. Additionally, histological examination showed that salivary glands were only present on the body of the tongue and there were no taste buds. However, the tongue has mechanical sen-sory cell groups in its subepithelial connective tissue. Histochemical examination, demonstrated that the salivary gland epithelial cells contained carbohydrates which were composed of acidic sialo-mucins.

Addition of a general surgeon without addition of appropriate support is inadequate to improve outcomes of trauma patients in a rural setting: a cohort study of 1962 consecutive patients.

PURPOSE: Trauma care poses many challenges in small hospitals in rural settings. This report was designed to assess the role of a rural general surgeon with trauma patients. METHODS: A cohort study was designed using a retrospective analysis of a cohort at Bozkir Community Hospital that included trauma patients admitted to the emergency department between June 2007 and May 2009. The patients of group 1 were those treated during the first year of the study period, when the hospital staff was only non-specialist physicians. In the second year, a general surgeon was added to the staff, and the patients from this period constituted group 2. RESULTS: The top three leading causes of injuries were falls (46.5 %), piercing/cutting injuries (38.2 %), and assault (6.5 %). The frequency of trauma due to falls was higher in group 1, and assault and piercing/cutting injuries were higher in group 2 (p < 0.001 for each). The percentage of discharged and transferred patients was not significantly different between groups (p = 0.065 and p = 0.082, respectively). Similar mortality rates were also detected (group 1: 0.5 %, group 2: 0.3 %, p = 0.479). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of a solo general surgeon was not found to be adequate for improving the outcome for trauma patients in a rural hospital.

Incidental findings during routine pathological evaluation of gallbladder specimens: review of 1,747 elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy cases.

Introduction Cholecystectomy for benign gallbladder diseases can lead to previously undiagnosed gallbladder cancer during histopathological evaluation. Despite some controversy over its usefulness, histopathological evaluation of all gallbladder specimens is common in most hospitals. We evaluated the results of routine pathology of the gallbladder after cholecystectomy for benign gallbladder diseases with regard to unexpected primary gallbladder cancer (UPGC). Methods Patients undergoing cholecystectomy because of benign gallbladder diseases between 2009 and 2013 were enrolled in this study. All gallbladder specimens were sent to the pathology department, and histopathological reports were examined in detail. The impact of demographic features on pathological diagnoses and prevalence of UPGC assessed. Data on additional interventions and postoperative survival for patients with UPGC were collected. Results We enrolled 1,747 patients (mean age, 48.7±13.6 years). Chronic cholecystitis was the most common diagnosis (96.3%) and was associated significantly with being female (p=0.001). Four patients had UPGC (0.23%); one was stage T3 at the time of surgery, and the remaining three cases were stage T2. Conclusions Routine histopathological examination of the gallbladder is valuable for identification of cancer that requires further postoperative management.

Histological and immunohistochemical studies of the structure of lymph nodes in Kilis goats.

Ten healthy adult Kilis goat mesenteric lymph nodes were used to examine the general structure of lymph nodes, lymphocytes, plasma cells, reticular cells and reticular fibers using histological methods. We also detected T lymphocytes using anti-CD3 [SP7], anti-CD4 [74-12-4], mouse anti-bovine CD4 [CC30] and mouse anti-bovine CD8 [CC63] monoclonal antibodies (mAb); and B lymphocytes using anti-CD79a [HM57] mAb, macrophages using anti-macrophage [MAC387] mAb and follicular dendritic cells using anti-S100 polyclonal antibody (pAb). The distribution of these cells also was studied. Although the primer antibodies we used for CD3, CD8, CD79a, MAC387 and S100 worked well, the primer antibodies for CD4 were ineffective for paraffin embedded goat lymph nodes.

Evolution-based algorithm for the management of penetrating abdominal stab injury.

PURPOSE: As an increasing amount of penetrating abdominal stab injuries has been observed in the last few decades, it is important to evaluate the adequacy of the medical systems and surgical education and training to handle this type of injury. The aim of this study was to analyze the outcome of patients with penetrating abdominal stab injuries admitted to the Emergency Unit and to evaluate the effects of using a new treatment algorithm. METHODS: From January 2009 to April 2009, a standardized education and training system for the surgical team was implemented in order to improve the emergency medical care system. From April 2009 to April 2011, 106 patients with the diagnosis of a penetrating abdominal stab injury were prospectively included in the study. RESULTS: The cohort included 98 males and the mean age was 29.40 ± 10.9 years. Eighty-two percent of the patients were managed conservatively, whereas 18 % underwent surgery. Based on the surgical outcomes of the patients, the rate of negative, non-therapeutic, and therapeutic laparotomies was 5, 11, and 84 %, respectively. No statistically significant difference between patients who did and did not receive surgery was observed with regards to blood pressure, temperature, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and C-reactive protein (CRP) values. However, a statistically significant difference was observed in the pulse rate, leukocyte, and neutrophil counts. The mortality and morbidity rates were 0.94 and 3.77 %, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Selective non-operative management, which has been standardized in trauma centers, may be carefully utilized in order to treat penetrating abdominal stab wounds with caution in well-equipped medical centers with well-trained staff.

Multiple intestinal intussusceptions in Peutz-Jeghers' syndrome: a case report.

Peutz-Jeghers' syndrome (PJS) is an autosomal dominant inherited disease, which is characterized by mucocutaneus pigmentation and hamartomatous gastro-intestinal polyps. Intussusceptions can easily occur in patients with PJS. Repeated laparotomy with resections and eventual short bowel syndrome is a major problem in these patients. We present a 20-year-old woman with multiple intestinal intussusceptions. Multiple enterotomies and intestinal resections were performed to achieve a longer symptom-free period.

Treatment of space loss caused by submerged maxillary second primary molar.

Submersion is a clinical term describing a tooth depressed below the occlusal plane. In this case report, we present the treatment of a patient who had totally submerged primary maxillary second molar, which caused impaction of the second premolar and space loss in the maxillary arch due to tipping of adjacent teeth. A 12-year-old girl was referred to the pediatric dentistry clinic. The intra-oral examination revealed that right maxillary second primary molar was localized buccal side of posterior maxillary alveolar process, being almost completely covered by gingiva and adjacent teeth inclined closing the space of the related teeth completely. Periapical radiograph demonstrated that maxillary second premolar was impacted. Based on clinical and radiographic findings, maxillary primary second molar was extracted. Headgear was used for the distalization of maxillary right first molar in order to create space for the impacted second premolar. Eruption begun spontaneously 6 months later.

Duodenal ulcer perforation and pneumothorax: a case report.

Pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum are rarely observed as a complication of perforated peptic ulcer, which is a common cause of acute abdomen. We report a case of a 30-year-old male patient with abdominal pain and respiratory distress. Resulting from physical examination and laboratory data of the patient, acute abdomen and pneumothorax were diagnosed simultaneously. Laparotomy revealed duodenal ulcer perforation and a simple patch closure was performed. No complications were observed during the postoperative course of the patient.

Efficacy of local adrenalin injection during sacrococcygeal pilonidal sinus excision.

BACKGROUND: The most commonly preferred treatment method for sacrococcygeal pilonidal sinus disease is surgery. Peroperative and postoperative hemorrhages may develop frequently because of the increased vascularity of the region. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of adrenalin, a potent vasoconstrictor agent, on pilonidal sinus operations in comparison to a control group. METHODS: A prospective, randomized, double-blind, clinical study was designed and 51 patients with symptomatic, uncomplicated pilonidal disease were included (44 males and 7 females; mean age 24.5, range 16-44 years). Adrenalin 0.1 mg with 10 ml 0.9% NaCl (1/100,000 dilution) was injected through the incision tracts to all layers and the base of the incision area in group 1 (n = 21). The same process was applied to group 2 (n = 21) with 10 ml physiological serum solution. Then, after removal of the sinus and its tracks, a suction-type drain was placed in the pouch in all cases and the incision was primarily closed. Peroperative and postoperative hemorrhage, and operation time were accepted as the evaluation criteria. Cases were followed for 6 months postoperatively. RESULTS: The amount of peroperative hemorrhage was 6.5 +/- 3.5 ml in group 1 and 17.5 +/- 9.5 ml in group 2 (p < 0.001). The postoperative hemorrhage was 11 +/- 7.5 ml in group 1 and 13.5 +/- 6 ml in group 2 (p > 0.05). The operation time was 14 +/- 5 min in group 1 and 22 +/- 8.5 min in group 2 (p < 0.05). No reactionary hemorrhage, hematoma or recurrence was seen during the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: Adrenalin injection is quite effective to decrease peroperative bleeding and operation time, but it does not decrease postoperative bleeding and the need for a drain.

Comparison of the resin-dentin interface in primary and permanent teeth.

The purpose of the present study was to compare primary and permanent teeth in terms of the thickness of the hybrid layer developed with two bonding systems: Syntac (multi step) and Syntac Single Component. Fourteen sound primary first molars and 14 sound permanent first bicuspids, were removed for orthodontic reasons, and divided into 4 groups: 7 primary and 7 permanent teeth were restored with Syntac adhesive resin system (multi step); and 7 primary and 7 permanent teeth were restored with Syntac Single Component adhesive resin system. Measurements of hybrid layer thickness were performed by means of SEM and two teeth in each group were evaluated on TEM for further confirmation of resin-dentin interface. The result of this study indicated that the hybrid layer was significantly thicker in primary than in permanent teeth (p < 0.05). No difference was observed in the hybrid layers produced by two dentin bonding systems (p < 0.05).

A histopathologic study of direct pulp-capping with adhesive resins.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the histologic pulp responses of Optibond and Syntac adhesive resin systems placed directly on exposed pulp tissues. STUDY DESIGN: Class V facial cavities with pulpal exposures were prepared in dogs. After acid etching of enamel margins, the cavities were restored with a composite resin after pulp-capping with one of the dentin bonding agents. The remaining exposures were capped with calcium hydroxide and amalgam as controls. The animals were killed after 7, 21, and 90 days and the pulps were evaluated histologically. Statistical analysis was carried out with the chi-square test. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference with respect to inflammatory cell response, fibrosis, bleeding, or bacterial staining criteria over the time intervals of evaluation among the Optibond, Syntac, and calcium hydroxide groups. New dentin formation was also observed for all of the groups at the end of 90 days. CONCLUSION: The results of direct pulp-capping with a dentinal adhesive and composite resin appear promising but further in vivo studies are recommended.