Does the use of N-butyl-2 cyanoacrylate in the treatment of lower extremity superficial varicose veins cause acute systemic inflammation and allergic reactions?

INTRODUCTION: In this study we used N-butyl-2 cyanoacrylate (NBCA), including dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), via the endovenous route, for mechanochemical ablation in the treatment of superficial venous insufficiency, in an attempt to establish whether an early systemic inflammatory response and an allergic reaction occurred in the patients. METHODS: A total of 102 patients were treated with endovenous medical ablation in two centres between October 2015 and February 2016. This study was a two-centre, retrospective, non-randomised investigational study. Ablation treatment with endovenous NBCA was used in patients with C3 to C4b grade superficial venous insufficiency, according to the CEAP (clinical, aetiology, anatomy and pathophysiology) clinical classification, with sapheno-femoral junctional insufficiency and a reflux of 0.5 seconds and longer on duplex ultra-sonography. Pre-operative whole blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP) level and blood chemistry were studied in all patients on admission to the clinic, and repeated in the second hour post-intervention. RESULTS: All patients were treated successfully. Pre-operative white blood cell count (WBC) was 6.82 ± 1.67 × 109 cells/µl, and post intervention it was 6.57 ± 1.49 × 109 cells/µl; the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.68). The neutrophil count before the intervention was 4.09 ± 1.33 × 109 cells/µl, while afterwards, it was 4.09 ± 1.33 × 109 cells/µl, with no statistically significant difference (p = 0.833). Pre-intervention eosinophil count was 0.64 ± 1.51 × 109 cells/µl, while it was 0.76 ± 1.65 × 109 cells/µl after the intervention, and the difference was statistically significant. Pre-intervention ESR and CRP values were 18.92 ± 9.77 mm/h and 1.71 ± 1.54 mg/dl, respectively. Postoperative ESR and CRP values were 19.78 ± 15.90 mm/h and 1.73 ± 1.59 mg/dl, respectively, but the differences were not statistically significant. When the parameters were analysed by gender, the differences between pre- and postoperative WBC and eosinophil count, ESR and CRP in women were not statistically significant. On the other hand, although the change in WBC count and CRP value were not statistically significant in males, the differences in eosinophil count and ESR were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Cyanoacrylate has been used in the endovenous medical ablation of varicose veins and superficial venous insufficiency over the last few years without the use of thermal energy and tumescent anaesthesia, which represents the greatest advantage of this method. In addition, since it causes no systemic allergic or acute inflammatory reaction, it appears to be safe to use.

The influence of priming solutions used in cardiopulmonary bypass on blood viscosity in hypothermic conditions.

Vessel diameter, flow velocity, temperature, and viscosity are among the factors determining blood flow in vessels. To assess the influence of arterial blood flow on veins in a cardiac operation, the viscosity of blood diluted with priming solutions must be known. This study aimed to demonstrate the alteration of blood viscosity following dilution with priming solutions: hydroxyethyl starch (HES), gelatin, albumin, and Ringer's lactated solution (RL). Sixty volunteers were (15 female, 45 male) included in the study. Using a 50-ml syringe containing heparin, 40-ml fasting blood was drawn from antecubital veins. Six milliliters of blood was added to glass tubes previously filled with 2 ml of HES 6%, gelatin 4%, albumin, and RL solutions. Relative viscosity values of these mixtures were measured with an Ostwald viscometer device while the temperature was kept constant at 15 degrees C and 30 degrees C by means of a water bath. Measured viscosity values were compared with the calculated viscosity values and corrected values were obtained. All mixtures demonstrated decreased viscosity; however, it was evident that the mixtures containing HES and gelatin presented a lesser degree of decrease in viscosity when compared with the mixtures containing albumin and RL solution. Viscosity of all mixtures except RL decreased significantly at deep hypothermia (15 degrees C).