High variability in radiologists' reporting practices for incidental thyroid nodules detected on CT and MRI.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: There are no guidelines for reporting incidental thyroid nodules seen on CT and MR imaging. We evaluated radiologists' current reporting practices for incidental thyroid nodules detected on these imaging modalities. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Radiologists were surveyed regarding their reporting practices by using 14 scenarios of incidental thyroid nodules differing in size, patient demographics, and clinical history. Scenarios were evaluated for the following: 1) radiologists' most commonly selected response, and 2) the proportion of radiologists selecting that response (degree of agreement). These measures were used to determine how the patient scenario and characteristics of the radiologists affected variability in practice. RESULTS: One hundred fifty-three radiologists participated. In 8/14 scenarios, the most common response was to "recommend sonography." For the other scenarios, the most common response was to "report in only body of report." The overall mean agreement for the 14 scenarios was 53%, and agreement ranged from 36% to 75%. Smaller nodules had lower agreement: 43%-51% for 8-mm nodules compared with 64%-75% for 15-mm nodules. Agreement was poorest for the 10-mm nodule in a 60-year-old woman (36%) and for scenarios with additional history of lung cancer (39%) and multiple nodules (36%). There was no significant difference in reporting practices and agreement when radiologists were categorized by years of practice, practice type, and subspecialty (P > .55). CONCLUSIONS: The reporting practice for incidental thyroid nodules on CT or MR imaging is highly variable among radiologists, especially for patients with smaller nodules (≤10 mm) and patients with multiple nodules and a history of cancer. This variability highlights the need for practice guidelines.

Is follow-up CT imaging of the chest and abdomen necessary after preoperative neoadjuvant therapy in rectal cancer patients without evidence of metastatic disease at diagnosis?

AIM: Patients with rectal cancer often undergo multiple CT scans prior to surgical resection. We propose that in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer without evidence of metastatic disease at presentation, CT imaging of the chest and abdomen after preoperative neoadjuvant therapy does not change clinical information or surgical management. METHOD: An institutional review board-approved medical record review identified patients with contrast enhanced CT of the chest, abdomen and pelvis alone or in conjunction with (18)F-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose/positron emission tomography imaging for staging of rectal cancer prior to and after neoadjuvant therapy. Eighty-eight patients were included in the study. Scans were reviewed for the presence of metastatic disease on initial and follow-up imaging prior to surgical resection. RESULTS: Seventy-six (86%) of 88 patients had no evidence of metastasis at presentation. None of these patients developed metastatic disease after neoadjuvant therapy. Twelve (14%) had metastases at presentation. No study patient developed metastatic disease in a new organ. CONCLUSION: Imaging after preoperative neoadjuvant therapy in rectal cancer does not change the designation of metastatic disease. Patients with locally advanced rectal adenocarcinoma without evidence of metastases may not benefit from repeat imaging of the chest and abdomen after neoadjuvant therapy.

Contrast-enhanced free-breathing 3D T1-weighted gradient-echo sequence for hepatobiliary MRI in patients with breath-holding difficulties.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the image quality and diagnostic performance of a free-breathing 3D-gradient-echo sequence with radial acquisition (rGRE) compared with a Cartesian breath-hold 3D-GRE (cGRE) sequence on hepatobiliary phase MRI in patients with breath-holding difficulties. METHODS: Twenty-eight consecutive patients (15 males; mean age 61 ± 11.9 years) were analysed in this retrospective IRB-approved study. Breath-holding difficulties during gadoxetate-disodium-enhanced liver MRI manifested as breathing artefacts during dynamic-phase imaging. MRI included axial and coronal cGRE and a radially sampled rGRE sequence during the hepatobiliary phase. Two radiologists independently evaluated cGRE and rGRE images for image quality, liver lesion detection and conspicuity, and bile duct conspicuity on a four-point scale. RESULTS: Liver edge sharpness was significantly higher on rGRE images (P < 0.001). Overall image quality was slightly but significantly higher for rGRE than for cGRE (P < 0.001 and P = 0.039). Bile duct conspicuity scores of rGRE and cGRE were not significantly different. Sensitivity for detection of the 26 liver lesions was similar for rGRE and cGRE (81-77 % and 73-77 %, P = 0.5 and 1.0). Lesion conspicuity scores were significantly higher for rGRE for one reader (P = 0.012). CONCLUSION: In patients with breath-holding difficulties, overall image quality and liver lesion conspicuity on hepatobiliary phase MRI can be improved using the rGRE sequence. KEY POINTS: • Patients with diminished breath-holding capacities present a major challenge in abdominal MRI. • A free-breathing sequence for hepatobiliary-phase MRI can improve image quality. • Further advances are needed to reduce acquisition time of the free-breathing gradient-echo sequence.

Validity of Axis V of DSM-III and other measures of adaptive functioning.

In order to address validity issues which have not been adequately explored in the existing literature on Axis V, the authors compared ratings on this axis with ratings on three other measures of adaptive functioning (Social Competence, premorbid and present) in a diagnostically heterogeneous group of 195 referred adolescents. It was found that correlations amongst the measures were moderate, except between premorbid and present functioning, which was high. Axis V was found to be comparable with a measure of premorbid functioning while Social Competence was similar to present functioning.

DSM-III axis IV revisited.

Clinicians have traditionally inquired about stressful life events preceding the onset of a psychiatric disorder. Axis IV of DSM-III attempted to improve on this by suggesting that a wide range of events be considered and that the information obtained be integrated into a global rating of severity. After reviewing recent evidence, the authors suggest that this process might result in ratings with lower reliability than expected. They also discuss some of the methodological difficulties in this field and explore directions for further research.

Sources of unreliability of DSM-III Axis IV.

Lists of stressors recorded for 159 adolescents and rated by two judges showed poor agreement on stressor identification but good concordance for the most severe stressor identified for each patient. Good agreement was also found for a short checklist of chronic stressors. When individual stressors were rated by four judges for 27 patients, global Axis IV ratings were largely determined by the rating of the most severe event. Those results suggest that Axis IV can be made more reliable and easier to use by concentrating on the identification of severe events.