Determination of histopathological effects and myoglobin, periostin gene-protein expression levels in Danio rerio muscle tissue after acaricide yoksorrun-5EC (hexythiazox) application.

Although pesticides are essential agrochemicals to annihilate harmful organisms in agriculture, their uncontrolled use has become an important threat to environmental health. Exposure to pesticides can affect many biological systems including immune system, endocrine system, and nervous system. However, the potential side effects of pesticides to skeletal muscle system remain unclear. Present study has focused on the evaluation of this issue by using an acaricide, yoksorrun-5EC (hexythiazox), in an aquatic model organism, Danio rerio. The histological analyses revealed that increased concentrations of the acaricide cause degradation of skeletal muscle along with increased necrosis and atrophy in myocytes, intercellular edema, and increased infiltrations between perimysium sheaths of muscle fibers. The effects of acaricide on myoglobin and periostin, which are associated with oxygen transport and muscle regeneration, respectively, were investigated at the gene and protein levels. RT-PCR results suggested that high concentration yoksorrun-5EC (hexythiazox) can induce myoglobin and periostin genes. Similar results were also obtained in the protein levels of these genes by western blotting analysis. These results suggested that yoksorrun-5EC (hexythiazox)-dependent disruption of skeletal muscle architecture is closely associated with the expression levels of myoglobin and periostin genes in Danio rerio model.

Alterations in gills and intestine of Danio rerio after exposure to acaricide yoksorrun-5EC (hexythiazox): histopathologic and morphometric evaluation.

In this study, histopathological and morphological changes in gill and intestinal tissue of zebra fish exposed to acaricide yoksorrun were aimed to determine. Yoksorrun was applied to the experimental groups as 0.01 mL/L, 0.02 mL/L, and 0.03 mL/L. Histopathological findings which showed a parallel increase with the amount of exposure in the gill were determined. In the gills, disruption of lamellae shape, shortening and breakage of primary and secondary lamellae, edema, fusion, and separation in the secondary lamellae epithelium, hyperplasia were observed. In the intestine tissue of some groups, advanced necrosis at the tip of the villi and deterioration of the overall integrity of the villi in these regions, epithelial hyperplasia, increasing in eosinophilic cells in the submucosa, and dissolution in muscle fibers of tunica muscularis were observed. In the morphometric analysis of the gills, a significant decrease in gas exchange (PAGE) percentages (p < 0.0001) was observed in the experiment group compared to the control group. Compared to the control group, a significant decrease in the interlamellar distance and secondary lamellar length measurements of the gills and a significant increase in the secondary lamellar width measurement were observed. In basal epithelial thickness measurement, the result was insignificant between the groups. According to the results of the morphometric analysis of the intestine, a significant decrease in musculus externa was observed only in the group 2. In total wall thickness, there was a significant thinning (p < 0.0001) in all experimental groups. There was a significant shortening of the villi length (p < 0.0001) and a significant increase (p < 0.0001) in the villus width only in the group 2 and group 3. A significant increase in epithelial thickness after application was observed (p < 0.0001) in all groups compared to the control group. Based on the findings, it was decided that the living in the aquatic ecosystem would be adversely affected by this acaricide if exposed.

Immunohistochemical detection of insulin-like growth factor-I, transforming growth factor-beta2, basic fibroblast growth factor and epidermal growth factor-receptor expression in developing rat ovary.

The aim of this study was to determine the immunohistochemical expression and localization of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), transforming growth factor-beta2 (TGF-beta2), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and epidermal growth factor-receptor (EGF-R) in developing rat ovaries. Eighteen female Wistar rats were enrolled in this study; newborn (n=6), one-month-old (n=6) and adult (n=6) rats. Formalin-fixed and parafin-embedded ovarian tissues were stained with antibodies against IGF-I, TGF-beta2, bFGF and EGF-R, immunohistochemically. The ovarian cells were evaluated by semi-quantitative scoring system under light microscope. The staining of IGF-I, TGF-beta2, bFGF and EGF-R were most intense in the oocytes and were heavily at one-month-old rats. A moderate immunostaining in theca cells and corpus luteii reacted with IGF-I in adult rats. Furthermore the staining intensity for IGF-I was moderate in granulosa cells of newborn rat ovaries. We detected also a moderate staining for TGF-beta2 in corpus luteii of adult rats. In addition, we found a bFGF immunostaining mainly in oocytes of follicles of young and adult rats. Immunostaining for EGF-R was moderate in granulosa cells of one-month-old rats. In conclusion, this study suggests that growth factors play a pivotal role in ovarian function, especially in follicular development. The role of growth factor in controlling degeneration or growth (or both) of ovary follicles remain as explained.