Efficient removal of anti-inflammatory from solution by Fe-containing activated carbon: Adsorption kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics.

This work developed an innovative activated carbon (ICAC) derived from orange peels (OP) through chemical activation using FeCl3. The traditional activated carbon (PCAC) that was prepared through K2CO3 activation served as a comparison. Three adsorbents (ICAC, PCAC, and OP) were characterized by various techniques, these being: Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis, thermo-gravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. They were applied to remove diclofenac from aqueous solution applying batch experiments, in order to investigate the characteristics of adsorptive kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics. Results indicated that the SBET values were in the following order: 457 m2/g (PCAC) > 184 m2/g (ICAC) > 3.56 m2/g (OP). The adsorption process reached a fast equilibrium, with activating energies being 27.6 kJ/mol (ICAC), 16.0 kJ/mol (OP), and 11.2 kJ/mol (PCAC). The Langmuir adsorption capacities at 30 °C exhibited the decreasing order: 144 mg/g (ICAC) > 6.44 mg/g (OP) > 5.61 mg/g (PCAC). The thermodynamic parameters demonstrated a signal dissimilarity between biosorbent (ΔG° <0, ΔH° <0, and ΔS° <0) and activated carbon samples (ΔG° <0, ΔH° >0, and ΔS° >0). The presence of iron (FeOCl, γ-Fe2O3, and FeOOH) on the surface of ICAC played a determining role in efficiently removing diclofenac from solution. The excellent adsorption capacity of ICAC toward diclofenac resulted presumably from the contribution of complicated adsorption mechanisms, such as hydrogen bonding, ion-dipole interaction, π-π interaction, pore filling, and possible Fenton-like degradation. Therefore, FeCl3 can serve as a promising activating agent for AC preparation with excellent efficiency in removing diclofenac.

Effects of watching cartoons on pain scores in children undergoing venepuncture.

BACKGROUND: Children experience pain and restlessness during invasive procedures. AIM: To determine the effect of watching cartoons on pain scores and the duration of crying in children aged 3-6 years undergoing venepuncture. METHOD: The study included 81 children, aged 3-6 years, who presented to the blood collection unit of a teaching and research hospital. The children were divided into an experimental group (n=41) and a control group (n=40). Those in the experimental group watched a cartoon and then venepuncture was initiated. Their pain levels and the duration of crying were assessed during venepuncture. After venepuncture, they continued to watch the cartoons and their pain levels were assessed again. During the process, another researcher calculated the duration of crying. The children in the control group were subjected to the same process but were not shown the cartoon. RESULTS: Significant differences in pain levels, duration of crying after the procedure and total duration of crying were found between the groups. There was no significant difference in terms of duration of crying during the procedure. CONCLUSION: Watching cartoons is a non-pharmacological method of pain relief, which reduces perception of pain by distracting a child's attention.