Impact of physical activity during pregnancy on infant neurodevelopment.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate prospectively the impact of physical activity during pregnancy on infant neurodevelopment, considering relevant confounding factors, physical activity intensity and the trimester of pregnancy in which it is performed. METHODS: Prospective follow-up study of 791 pregnant women from the first trimester of pregnancy to 40 days postpartum. Three intensity levels of physical activity were assessed in each trimester of pregnancy by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Infant neuro development was assessed at 40 days postpartum by the third edition of the Bayley Scales for Infant Development-Third Edition (BSID-III). Analysis adjusted by sociodemographics, anxiety symptoms, lifestyle habits, quality of diet, body mass index, postpartum depressive symptoms and mother-infant attachment. RESULTS: ANCOVA analysis have shown that 40 days old infants of mothers in the moderate and high PA groups in the third trimester obtained 3.2 and 3.8 points higher scores respectively in the language total scale; and 4.1 and 5.1 points higher scores respectively in the motor total scale than infants of mothers in the low PAgroup. CONCLUSION: Moderate to high intensity physical activity during pregnancy has a positive impact on infant neurodevelopment. More specific recommendations must be incorporated in international guidelines and into maternal education sessions to improve infants' neurodevelopment.

Real-world outcomes of a clinical decision support system for diabetic retinopathy in Spain.

Objective: The aim of present study was to evaluate our clinical decision support system (CDSS) for predicting risk of diabetic retinopathy (DR). We selected randomly a real population of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) who were attending our screening programme. Methods and analysis: The sample size was 602 patients with T2DM randomly selected from those who attended the DR screening programme. The algorithm developed uses nine risk factors: current age, sex, body mass index (BMI), duration and treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM), arterial hypertension, Glicated hemoglobine (HbA1c), urine-albumin ratio and glomerular filtration. Results: The mean current age of 67.03±10.91, and 272 were male (53.2%), and DM duration was 10.12±6.4 years, 222 had DR (35.8%). The CDSS was employed for 1 year. The prediction algorithm that the CDSS uses included nine risk factors: current age, sex, BMI, DM duration and treatment, arterial hypertension, HbA1c, urine-albumin ratio and glomerular filtration. The area under the curve (AUC) for predicting the presence of any DR achieved a value of 0.9884, the sensitivity of 98.21%, specificity of 99.21%, positive predictive value of 98.65%, negative predictive value of 98.95%, α error of 0.0079 and ß error of 0.0179. Conclusion: Our CDSS for predicting DR was successful when applied to a real population.

COVID19-related and all-cause mortality risk among middle-aged and older adults across the first epidemic wave of SARS-COV-2 infection: a population-based cohort stuJune 2020.dy in Southern Catalonia, Spain, March-

BACKGROUND: Direct and indirect COVID19-related mortality is uncertain. This study investigated all-cause and COVID19-related deaths among middle-aged and older adults during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic period, assessing mortality risks by pre-existing socio-demographic and medical underlying conditions. METHODS: Population-based cohort study involving 79,083 individuals ≥50 years-old in Tarragona (Southern Catalonia, Spain). Baseline cohort characteristics (age/sex, comorbidities and medications/vaccinations history) were established at study start (01/03/2020) and main outcomes were COVID19-related deaths (those occurred among patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID19) and all-cause deaths occurred among cohort members between 01/03/2020-30/06/2020. Mortality risks were assessed by Cox regression analyses. RESULTS: Cohort members were followed for 1,356,358 persons-weeks, occurring 576 all-cause deaths (124 COVID19-related deaths). Of the 124 deceased patients with a laboratory-confirmed COVID19, 112 (90.3%) died by (due to) COVID-19, while 12 (9.7%) died with COVID-19 (but likely due to other concomitant causes). All-cause mortality rate among cohort members across study period was 42.5 deaths per 100,000 persons-week, being 22.8 among healthy/unrelated-COVID19 subjects, 236.4 in COVID19-excluded/PCR-negative subjects, 493.7 in COVID19-compatible/PCR-unperformed subjects and 4009.1 in COVID19-confirmed patients. Increasing age, sex male, nursing-home residence, cancer, neurologic, cardiac or liver disease, receiving diuretics, systemic corticosteroids, proton-pump inhibitors and benzodiazepines were associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality; conversely, receiving renin-angiotensin inhibitors and statins were associated with reduced risk. Age/years (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06-1.10), sex male (HR: 1.82; 95% CI: 1.24-2.70), nursing-home residence (HR: 12.56; 95% CI: 8.07-19.54) and number of pre-existing comorbidities (HR: 1.14; 95% CI: 1.01-1.29) were significant predictors for COVID19-related mortality, but none specific comorbidity emerged significantly associated with an increased risk in multivariable analysis evaluating it. CONCLUSION: COVID19-related deaths represented more than 20 % of all-cause mortality occurred among middle-aged and older adults during the first wave of the pandemic in the region. A considerable proportion (around 10 %) of these COVID19-related deaths could be attributed to other concomitant causes. Theoretically COVID19-excluded subjects (PCR-negative) suffered ten-times greater all-cause mortality than healthy/unrelated-COVID19 subjects, which points to the existence of considerable number of false negative results in earlier PCR testing and could explain part of the global excess all-cause mortality observed during the pandemic.

[Treatment setting, symptomatology, clinical course, severity degree and case-fatality rate in 536 adults over 50 years with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 in Tarragona, Spain, March-June 2020.] / Lugar de atención, sintomatología y curso clínico, gravedad y letalidad en 536 casos confirmados de COVID-19 en adultos mayores de 50 años en el área de Tarragona, marzo-junio de 2020.

OBJECTIVE: Population-based clinical data on COVID-19 is scarce. This study analyzed distinct clinical characteristics of COVID-19 and relationships with lethality among adults. METHODS: Retrospective cohort that included all population ≥50 years with a laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 in Tarragona, Spain, during 01/03/2020-30/06/2020. Treatment setting (outpatient/hospital/nursing-home), pre-existing comorbidities, signs/symptoms, clinical course, severity and lethality (death from any cause in-hospital or within the first 30-day after the diagnosis) were determined. Chi squared and Fisher's test were used to compare percentages. RESULTS: Of the 536 overall cases (mean age: 74 years; 43.8% male), 150 (28%) were outpatient, 179 (33.4%) were hospitalised and 207 (38.6%) happened in nursing-home/social-health centres. The most prevalent symptoms were fever (57.9%), cough (49.8%), dyspnea (41.5%), general discomfort (36.2%), fatigue (24.4%), diarrhea (19.6%), myalgias (17.3%), headache (14.6%), confusion/lethargy (14.6%), thoracic pain (10%), anosmia (9.8%), disgeusia/ageusia (8.1%) and sore throat (7.7%). Global lethality was 23.1% (1.7% in 50-64 years vs 25.5% in 65-79 years vs 38.7% in ≥80 years, p<0.001; 26.8% in men vs 20.3% in women, p=0.075; 3.3% in outpatient vs 29.6% in hospitalised vs 31.9% in nursing-home/social-health centres, p<0.001). By symptomatology, maximum lethality was observed among patients with confusion/lethargy (77.6%) and minimum among those with ageusia/disgeusia (4.8%), anosmia (3.9%) or myalgias (1.1%). By pre-existing comorbidities, greater lethality happened among patients with neurologic (36.7%), renal (35.4%) and cardiac disease (35.3%). CONCLUSIONS: There was a relatively great lethality of COVID-19 among the general population ≥50 years across the first epidemic wave in the study setting. Increasing age, male sex, nursing-home residence and several signs/symptoms and comorbidities were associated with higher mortality.

OBJETIVO: Los datos clínicos de ámbito poblacional sobre COVID-19 son escasos. Este estudio analizó distintas características de presentación de la enfermedad y su relación con letalidad en adultos de 50 años y más. METODOS: Cohorte retrospectiva que incluyó todas las personas mayores o con 50 años con diagnóstico confirmado de COVID-19 en Tarragona del 01/03/2020 al 30/06/2020 (n=536). Se valoró el lugar de atención/tratamiento (ambulatorio/hospital/residencia), las comorbilidades previas, los signos/síntomas de presentación, el curso clínico, la gravedad y la letalidad (muerte por cualquier causa en 30 días post-diagnóstico). Chi cuadrado y test exacto de Fisher se usaron para la comparación de proporciones. RESULTADOS: De los 536 casos (edad media 74 años, 43,8% varones), 150 (28%) fueron ambulatorios, 179 (33,4%) hospitalizados y 207 (38,6%) ocurrieron en residencias/sociosanitarios. Los síntomas más prevalentes fueron fiebre (57,9%), tos (49,8%), disnea (41,5%, malestar general (36,2%), fatiga (24,4%), diarrea (19,6%), mialgias (17,3%), cefalea (14,6%), confusión/letargia (14,6%), dolor torácico (10%), anosmia (9,8%), disgeusia/ageusia (8,1%) y odinofagia (7,7%). La letalidad global fue 23,1% (1,7% en 50-64 años, 25,5% en 65-79 años y 38,7% en ≥80 años, p<0,001; 26,8% en hombres vs 20,3% en mujeres, p=0,075; 3,3% en ambulatorio/domicilio vs 29,6% en hospitalizados vs 31,9% en residencias/sociosanitarios, p<0,001). Según sintomatología, la máxima letalidad se observó en pacientes con confusión/letargia (77,6%) y la mínima en aquellos con ageusia/disgeusia (4,8%), anosmia (3,9%) o mialgias (1,1%). Según la comorbilidad, la máxima letalidad apareció en pacientes con enfermedad neurológica (36,7%), renal (35,4%) y cardiaca (35,3%). CONCLUSIONES: Se constata una relativamente alta letalidad de la COVID-19 en la población general mayor o de 50 años durante la primera ola epidémica. La edad avanzada, el sexo varón, la institucionalización y la presencia de algunos signos/síntomas y/o comorbilidades se asociaron con mayor mortalidad.

Effectiveness of a motivational intervention based on spirometry results to achieve smoking cessation in primary healthcare patients: randomised, parallel, controlled multicentre study.

OBJECTIVE: This 12-month study in a primary healthcare network aimed to assess the effectiveness of usual smoking cessation advice compared with personalised information about the spirometry results. DESIGN: Randomised, parallel, controlled, multicentre clinical trial. SETTING: This study involved 12 primary healthcare centres (Tarragona, Spain). PARTICIPANTS: Active smokers aged 35-70 years, without known respiratory disease. Each participant received brief smoking cessation advice along with a spirometry assessment. Participants with normal results were randomised to the intervention group (IG), including detailed spirometry information at baseline and 6-month follow-up or control group (CG), which was simply informed that their spirometry values were within normal parameters. MAIN OUTCOME: Prolonged abstinence (12 months) validated by expired-CO testing. RESULTS: Spirometry was normal in 571 patients in 571 patients (45.9% male), 286 allocated to IG and 285 to CG. Baseline characteristics were comparable between the groups. Mean age was 49.8 (SD ±7.78) years and mean cumulative smoking exposure was 29.2 (±18.7) pack-years. Prolonged abstinence was 5.6% (16/286) in the IG, compared with 2.1% (6/285) in the CG (p=0.03); the cumulative abstinence curve was favourable in the IG (HR 1.98; 95% CI 1.29 to 3.04). CONCLUSIONS: In active smokers without known respiratory disease, brief advice plus detailed spirometry information doubled prolonged abstinence rates, compared with brief advice alone, in 12-month follow-up, suggesting a more effective intervention to achieve smoking cessation in primary healthcare. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT01194596.

Influence of prior comorbidities and chronic medications use on the risk of COVID-19 in adults: a population-based cohort study in Tarragona, Spain.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate possible relationships between pre-existing medical conditions (including common comorbidities and chronic medications) and risk for suffering COVID-19 disease in middle-aged and older adults. DESIGN: Population-based retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Twelve primary care centres (PCCs) in Tarragona (Spain). PARTICIPANTS: 79 083 people (77 676 community-dwelling and 1407 nursing-home residents), who were all individuals aged >50 years affiliated to the 12 participating PCCs. OUTCOMES: Baseline cohort characteristics (age, sex, vaccinations, comorbidities and chronic medications) were established at study start (1st. March 2020) and primary outcome was time to COVID-19 confirmed by PCR among cohort members throughout the epidemic period (from 1st. March 2020 to 23rd. May 2020). Risk for suffering COVID-19 was evaluated by Cox regression, estimating multivariable HRs adjusted for age, sex, comorbidities and medications use. RESULTS: During the study period, 2324 cohort members were PCR-tested, with 1944 negative and 380 positive results, which means an incidence of 480.5 PCR-confirmed COVID-19 cases per 100 000 persons-period. Assessing the total study cohort, only age (HR 1.02; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.03; p=0.002), nursing-home residence (HR 21.83; 95% CI 16.66 to 28.61; p<0.001) and receiving diuretics (HR 1.35; 95% CI 1.04 to 1.76; p=0.026) appeared independently associated with increased risk. Smoking (HR 0.62; 95% CI 0.41 to 0.93; p=0.022), ACE inhibitors (HR 0.68; 95% CI 0.47 to 0.99; p=0.046) and antihistamine (HR 0.47; 95% CI 0.22 to 1.01; p=0.052) were associated with a lower risk. Among community-dwelling individuals, cancer (HR 1.52; 95% CI 1.03 to 2.24; p=0.035), chronic respiratory disease (HR 1.82; 95% CI 1.08 to 3.07; p=0.025) and cardiac disease (HR 1.53; 95% CI 1.06 to 2.19; p=0.021) emerged to be also associated with an increased risk. Receiving ACE inhibitors (HR 0.66; 95% CI 0.44 to 0.99; p=0.046) and influenza vaccination (HR 0.63; 95% CI 0.44 to 0.91; p=0.012) was associated with decreased risk. CONCLUSION: Age, nursing-home residence and multiple comorbidities appear predisposing for COVID-19. Conversely, receiving ACE inhibitors, antihistamine and influenza vaccination could be protective, which should be closely investigated in further studies specifically focused on these concerns.

Use of distinct anti-hypertensive drugs and risk for COVID-19 among hypertensive people: A population-based cohort study in Southern Catalonia, Spain.

The use of some anti-hypertensive drugs in the current COVID-19 pandemic has become controversial. This study investigated possible relationships between anti-hypertensive medications use and COVID-19 infection risk in the ambulatory hypertensive population. This is a population-based retrospective cohort study involving 34 936 hypertensive adults >50 years in Tarragona (Southern Catalonia, Spain) who were retrospectively followed through pandemic period (from 01/03/2020 to 30/04/2020). Two data sets including demographic/clinical characteristics (comorbidities and cardiovascular medications use) and laboratory PCR codes for COVID-19 were linked to construct an anonymized research database. Cox regression was used to calculate multivariable hazard ratios (HRs) and estimate the risk of suffering COVID-19 infection. Across study period, 205 PCR-confirmed COVID-19 cases were observed, which means an overall incidence of 586.8 cases per 100 000 persons-period. In multivariable analyses, only age (HR: 1.03; 95% CI: 1.02-1.05; P < .001) and nursing home residence (HR: 19.60; 95% CI: 13.80-27.84; P < .001) appeared significantly associated with increased risk of COVID-19. Considering anti-hypertensive drugs, receiving diuretics (HR: 1.22; 95% CI: 0.90-1.67; P = .205), calcium channel blockers (HR: 1.29; 95%CI: 0.91-1.82; P = .148), beta-blockers (HR: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.68-1.37; P = .844), and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (HR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.61-1.13; P = .238) did not significantly alter the risk of PCR-confirmed COVID-19, whereas receiving angiotensin II receptor blockers was associated with an almost statistically significant reduction risk (HR: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.44-1.01; P = .054). In conclusion, our data support that receiving renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors does not predispose for suffering COVID-19 infection in ambulatory hypertensive people. Conversely, receiving angiotensin II receptor blockers could be related with a reduced risk.

[Evaluation of incidence and risk profile for suffering Covid-19 infection by underlying conditions among middle-aged and older adults in Tarragona.] / Evaluación de la incidencia y perfil de riesgo de Covid-19 según comorbilidad previa en adultos ≥50 años del área de Tarragona.

OBJECTIVE: Population-based data on the current Covid-19 pandemic is scarce. This study investigated incidence and risk to suffer Covid-19 by baseline underlying conditions in people ≥50 years in Tarragona region across march-april 2020. METHODS: Population-based retrospective cohort study involving 79,071 adults ≥50 years-old in Tarragona region (Southern Catalonia, Spain). Cohort characteristics (age, sex, residence, vaccinations history and comorbidities) were established at baseline, and Covid-19 cases occurring between 01/03/2020-30/04/2020 were registered. Cox regression analysis calculating Hazard ratios (HRs) adjusted by age, sex and comorbidities was used to estimate risk for Covid-19. RESULTS: Across study period, 1,547 cohort members were PCR tested (22.6% positive) and 367 were presumptive cases without PCR tested. Considering PCR-confirmed Covid-19, incidence (per 100,000 persons-period) was 441 overall (248, 141, 424, 1,303 and 3,135 in 50-59, 60-69, 70-79, 80-89 and ≥90 years-old, respectively; 380 in men and 497 in women; 259 in community-dwelling and 10,571 in nursing-home). By comorbidities, maximum incidence emerged among persons with neurological disease (2,723), atrial fibrillation (1,348), chronic renal failure (1,050), cardiac disease (856), respiratory disease (798) and diabetes (706). Lower incidence appeared in rheumatic diseases (230) and smokers (180). In multivariable analysis focused on community-dwelling individuals (N=77,671), only cardiac disease (HR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.01-2.15; p=0.045) and respiratory disease (HR: 1.75; 95% CI: 1.00-3.02; p=0.051) were associated with an increased risk, whereas smoking (HR:0.43; 95% CI: 0.25-0.74; p=0.002) and influenza vaccinated (HR: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.43-0.92; p=0.015) appeared associated with a decreased risk. CONCLUSIONS: Apart of increasing age and nursing-home residence, chronic respiratory and cardiac disease appear at increased risk for suffering covid19. This study investigated population-based incidence of Covid-19 infection by underlying conditions among adults ≥50 years in Tarragona (Southern Catalonia, Spain) across two first months pandemic period.

OBJETIVO: Los datos clínico-epidemiológicos de base poblacional durante la actual pandemia de Covid-19 son escasos. Este estudio investigó la incidencia y riesgo de sufrir Covid-19 según condiciones basales subyacentes en la población ≥50 años de Tarragona durante marzo-abril 2020. METODOS: Estudio de cohortes retrospectivo que incluyó a 79.071 personas ≥50 años en el área de Tarragona. Se establecieron características basales de la cohorte (edad, sexo, residencia, vacunaciones y comorbilidades previas), y se registró la ocurrencia de Covid-19 entre 01/03/2020-30/04/2020. Para la estimación de riesgos se realizó regresión de Cox, con cálculo de Hazard ratios (HRs) ajustados por edad, sexo y comorbilidad. RESULTADOS: Se realizaron PCR-tests en 1.547 personas (22,6% positivos) y 367 fueron codificados como presuntos casos sin realizarse PCR-test. Considerando Covid-19 confirmada (PCR positivo), la incidencia (por 100.000 personas-periodo) fue de 441 (248, 141, 424, 1.303 y 3.135 en 50-59, 60-69, 70-79, 80-89 y ≥90 años, respectivamente; 380 en hombres frente a 497 en mujeres; 259 residentes en la comunidad respecto a 10.571 en institucionalizados). Según comorbilidades, las máximas incidencias aparecieron en enfermedad neurológica (2.723), fibrilación auricular (1.348), insuficiencia renal crónica (1.050), cardiopatía (856), enfermedad respiratoria (798) y diabetes (706). Menores incidencias aparecieron en enfermedad reumatológica (230) y fumadores (180). En personas no institucionalizadas (N=77.671), solo la enfermedad cardiaca (HR: 1,47; IC95%: 1,01-2,15; p=0,045) y respiratoria (HR: 1,75; IC95%: 1,00-3,02; p=0,051) se asociaron con incremento del riesgo, mientras que ser fumador (HR: 0,43; IC95%: 0,25-0,74; p=0,002) y vacunación antigripal en otoño previo (HR: 0,63; IC95%: 0,43-0,92; p=0,015) se asociaron con menor riesgo. CONCLUSIONES: Aparte de la edad y la institucionalización, la existencia de enfermedad respiratoria y/o cardiaca crónicas se asocia con una mayor incidencia de Covid-19 en adultos.

Evaluación de la incidencia y perfil de riesgo de Covid-19 según comorbilidad previa en adultos ≥ 50 años del área de Tarragona / Evaluation of incidence and risk profile for suffering Covid-19 infection by underlying conditions among middle-aged and older adults in Tarragona

OBJETIVO: Los datos clínico-epidemiológicos de base poblacional durante la actual pandemia de Covid-19 son escasos. Este estudio investigó la incidencia y riesgo de sufrir Covid-19 según condiciones basales subyacentes en la población ≥50 años de Tarragona durante marzo-abril 2020. MÉTODOS: Estudio de cohortes retrospectivo que incluyó a 79.071 personas ≥50 años en el área de Tarragona. Se establecieron características basales de la cohorte (edad, sexo, residencia, vacunaciones y comorbilidades previas), y se registró la ocurrencia de Covid-19 entre 01/03/2020-30/04/2020. Para la estimación de riesgos se realizó regresión de Cox, con cálculo de Hazard ratios (HRs) ajustados por edad, sexo y comorbilidad. RESULTADOS: Se realizaron PCR-tests en 1.547 personas (22,6% positivos) y 367 fueron codificados como presuntos casos sin realizarse PCR-test. Considerando Covid-19 confirmada (PCR positivo), la incidencia (por 100.000 personas-periodo) fue de 441 (248, 141, 424, 1.303 y 3.135 en 50-59, 60-69, 70-79, 80-89 y ≥90 años, respectivamente; 380 en hombres frente a 497 en mujeres; 259 residentes en la comunidad respecto a 10.571 en institucionalizados). Según comorbilidades, las máximas incidencias aparecieron en enfermedad neurológica (2.723), fibrilación auricular (1.348), insuficiencia renal crónica (1.050), cardiopatía (856), enfermedad respiratoria (798) y diabetes (706). Menores incidencias aparecieron en enfermedad reumatológica (230) y fumadores (180). En personas no institucionalizadas (N=77.671), solo la enfermedad cardiaca (HR: 1,47; IC95%: 1,01-2,15; p = 0,045) y respiratoria (HR: 1,75; IC95%: 1,00-3,02; p = 0,051) se asociaron con incremento del riesgo, mientras que ser fumador (HR: 0,43; IC95%: 0,25-0,74; p = 0,002) y vacunación antigripal en otoño previo (HR: 0,63; IC95%: 0,43-0,92; p = 0,015) se asociaron con menor riesgo. CONCLUSIONES: Aparte de la edad y la institucionalización, la existencia de enfermedad respiratoria y/o cardiaca crónicas se asocia con una mayor incidencia de Covid-19 en adultos

OBJECTIVE: Population-based data on the current Covid-19 pandemic is scarce. This study investigated incidence and risk to suffer Covid-19 by baseline underlying conditions in people ≥50 years in Tarragona region across march-april 2020. METHODS: Population-based retrospective cohort study involving 79,071 adults ≥50 years-old in Tarragona region (Southern Catalonia, Spain). Cohort characteristics (age, sex, residence, vaccinations history and comorbidities) were established at baseline, and Covid-19 cases occurring between 01/03/2020-30/04/2020 were registered. Cox regression analysis calculating Hazard ratios (HRs) adjusted by age, sex and comorbidities was used to estimate risk for Covid-19. RESULTS: Across study period, 1,547 cohort members were PCR tested (22.6% positive) and 367 were presumptive cases without PCR tested. Considering PCR-confirmed Covid-19, incidence (per 100,000 persons-period) was 441 overall (248, 141, 424, 1,303 and 3,135 in 50-59, 60-69, 70-79, 80-89 and ≥90 years-old, respectively; 380 in men and 497 in women; 259 in community-dwelling and 10,571 in nursing-home). By comorbidities, maximum incidence emerged among persons with neurological disease (2,723), atrial fibrillation (1,348), chronic renal failure (1,050), cardiac disease (856), respiratory disease (798) and diabetes (706). Lower incidence appeared in rheumatic diseases (230) and smokers (180). In multivariable analysis focused on community-dwelling individuals (N=77,671), only cardiac disease (HR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.01-2.15; p = 0.045) and respiratory disease (HR: 1.75; 95% CI: 1.00-3.02; p = 0.051) were associated with an increased risk, whereas smoking (HR:0.43; 95% CI: 0.25-0.74; p = 0.002) and influenza vaccinated (HR: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.43-0.92; p = 0.015) appeared associated with a decreased risk. CONCLUSIONS: Apart of increasing age and nursing-home residence, chronic respiratory and cardiac disease appear at increased risk for suffering covid19. This study investigated population-based incidence of Covid-19 infection by underlying conditions among adults ≥50 years in Tarragona (Southern Catalonia, Spain) across two first months pandemic period

Effect of a high-fat Mediterranean diet on bodyweight and waist circumference: a prespecified secondary outcomes analysis of the PREDIMED randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Because of the high density of fat, high-fat diets are perceived as likely to lead to increased bodyweight, hence health-care providers are reluctant to recommend them to overweight or obese individuals. We assessed the long-term effects of ad libitum, high-fat, high-vegetable-fat Mediterranean diets on bodyweight and waist circumference in older people at risk of cardiovascular disease, most of whom were overweight or obese. METHODS: PREDIMED was a 5 year parallel-group, multicentre, randomised, controlled clinical trial done in primary care centres affiliated to 11 hospitals in Spain. 7447 asymptomatic men (aged 55-80 years) and women (aged 60-80 years) who had type 2 diabetes or three or more cardiovascular risk factors were randomly assigned (1:1:1) with a computer-generated number sequence to one of three interventions: Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil (n=2543); Mediterranean diet supplemented with nuts (n=2454); or a control diet (advice to reduce dietary fat; n=2450). Energy restriction was not advised, nor was physical activity promoted. In 2016, we reported the 5 year changes in bodyweight and waist circumference, but because of a subsequently identified protocol deviation (including enrolment of household members without randomisation, assignment to a study group without randomisation of some participants at one of 11 study sites, and apparent inconsistent use of randomisation tables at another site; 866 [11·6%] participants were affected in total), we have withdrawn our previously published report and now report revised effect estimates based on reanalyses that do not rely exclusively on the assumption that all the participants were randomly assigned. In this analysis of the trial, we measured bodyweight and waist circumference at baseline and yearly for 5 years in the intention-to-treat population. The PREDIMED trial is registered with ISRCTN.com, number ISRCTN35739639. FINDINGS: After a median 4·8 years (IQR 2·8-5·8) of follow-up, participants in all three groups had marginally reduced bodyweight and increased waist circumference. After multivariable adjustment, including adjustment for propensity scores and use of robust variance estimators, the difference in 5 year changes in bodyweight in the Mediterranean diet with olive oil group was -0·410 kg (95% CI -0·830 to 0·010; p=0·056) and in the nut group was -0·016 kg (-0·453 to 0·421; p=0·942), compared with the control group. The adjusted difference in 5 year changes in waist circumference was -0·466 cm (-1·109 to 0·176; p=0·154) in the Mediterranean diet with olive oil group and -0·923 cm (-1·604 to -0·241; p=0·008) in the nut group, compared with the control group. INTERPRETATION: A long-term intervention with an unrestricted-calorie, high-vegetable-fat Mediterranean diet was associated with no significant difference in bodyweight and some evidence of less gain in central adiposity compared with a control diet. These results lend support to advice not restricting intake of healthy fats for bodyweight maintenance. FUNDING: Spanish Government, CIBERobn, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Hojiblanca, Patrimonio Comunal Olivarero, California Walnut Commission, Borges SA, and Morella Nuts.

¿Es atractiva la Medicina de Familia como profesión? / Is Family Medicine attractive as a profession?

No disponible

A Clinical Decision Support System for Diabetic Retinopathy Screening: Creating a Clinical Support Application.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to build a clinical decision support system (CDSS) in diabetic retinopathy (DR), based on type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients. METHOD: We built a CDSS from a sample of 2,323 patients, divided into a training set of 1,212 patients, and a testing set of 1,111 patients. The CDSS is based on a fuzzy random forest, which is a set of fuzzy decision trees. A fuzzy decision tree is a hierarchical data structure that classifies a patient into several classes to some level, depending on the values that the patient presents in the attributes related to the DR risk factors. Each node of the tree is an attribute, and each branch of the node is related to a possible value of the attribute. The leaves of the tree link the patient to a particular class (DR, no DR). RESULTS: A CDSS was built with 200 trees in the forest and three variables at each node. Accuracy of the CDSS was 80.76%, sensitivity was 80.67%, and specificity was 85.96%. Applied variables were current age, gender, DM duration and treatment, arterial hypertension, body mass index, HbA1c, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and microalbuminuria. DISCUSSION: Some studies concluded that screening every 3 years was cost effective, but did not personalize risk factors. In this study, the random forest test using fuzzy rules permit us to build a personalized CDSS. CONCLUSIONS: We have developed a CDSS that can help in screening diabetic retinopathy programs, despite our results more testing is essential.

[Impact of place of residence on the presentation of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in a cohort with metabolic syndrome]. / Impacto del lugar de residencia sobre la presentación de eventos cardiovasculares y mortalidad por toda causa, en una cohorte afecta de síndrome metabólico.

OBJECTIVE: In order to clarify the relation between deprivation and morbillity and mortality, in function of different residence places, we design this study. Main objective is to analyze the influence of place of residence on the incidence of cardiovascular events (CVD) and general mortality from any cause, in a cohort with metabolic syndrome. METHODS: Prospective study to determine the incidence of CVD according to the place of residence (rural, urban) in individuals with different combinations of clinical features of Metabolic Syndrome (MS). Setting: Primary Care, Catalonia (Spain). Subjects: between 35-75 years of age fulfilling SM criteria, without CVD at the beginning of follow-up (2009). The population was stratified according to the MEDEA index in rural, and within urban areas in 5 subcategories (urban1 - urban5), according to their level of deprivation. We performed descriptive statistics, variance analysis and survival curves (Kaplan-Meier and Cox methods) in order to contrast data from different categories. RESULTS: We analyzed 401,743 subjects with MS (17.2% of the Catalan population); 20.1% resided in rural areas. Their average age ranged between 60.5 + 9.6 years in urban area 1 (most favored) and 59.6 + 10.4 years in urban area 5 (the most precarious). After 5 years of follow-up, the global incidence of CVD was 5.5%, being slightly lower in rural areas (5%) than in urban areas (between 5.5% -5.8%). On the other hand, mortality was higher in the rural area (859 deaths/100000 inhabitants-year) - than in the rest of the areas (minimum value in urban-3 (736 deaths/100000 inhabitants-year)). CONCLUSIONS: The place of residence is a risk marker, which is associated with the incidence of CVD but above all, with higher mortality from all causes in patients with MS. Undoubtedly and leaving aside the possible confounding factors, in the socioeconomically most disadvantaged areas, mortality is increased.

OBJETIVO: Con el fin de evidenciar la posible relación entre deprivación y morbimortalidad, enmarcada en diferentes lugares de residencia, diseñamos el presente estudio. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la influencia del lugar de residencia sobre la incidencia de eventos cardiovasculares (ECV) y de mortalidad general por cualquier causa, en una cohorte con síndrome metabólico. METODOS: Estudio prospectivo para determinar la incidencia de ECV según el lugar de residencia (rural, urbano) en individuos con distintas combinaciones de rasgos clínicos de Síndrome Metabólico (SM). El emplazamiento del mismo fue la Atención Primaria de Cataluña (España). Los sujetos de estudio fueron personas de entre 35-75 años de edad, que cumplían los criterios de SM, sin ECV al inicio del seguimiento (2009). La población se estratificó según el índice MEDEA en rural, y dentro de áreas urbanas en 5 subcategorías (urbano1 ­ urbano5), según su nivel de deprivación. Se realizó estadística descriptiva, análisis de la varianza y curvas de supervivencia (Kaplan-Meier, método de Cox) para contrastar los diferentes grupos categóricos. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 401.743 sujetos con SM (17,2% de la población catalana); 20,1% residían en áreas rurales. Su edad media osciló entre 60,5 + 9,6 años en área urbana 1 (la más favorecida) y 59,6 + 10,4 años en área urbana 5 (la más precaria). A los 5 años de seguimiento, la incidencia global de ECV fue del 5,5%, siendo ligeramente menor en ámbito rural (5%) que en los urbanos (entre 5,5-5,8%). En cambio, la mortalidad fue superior en el ámbito rural (859 casos/100000 habitantes-año) - que en el resto de áreas (mínimo valor en urbano-3 (736 casos/100000 habitantes-año)). CONCLUSIONES: El lugar de residencia constituye un marcador de riesgo, que se asocia a la incidencia de ECV pero sobre todo, a una mayor mortalidad por todas las causas, en pacientes con SM. Sin duda y dejando de lado los posibles factores de confusión, en las áreas socioeconómicamente más desfavorecidas, la mortalidad está aumentada.

Impacto del lugar de residencia sobre la presentación de eventos cardiovasculares y mortalidad por toda causa, en una cohorte afecta de síndrome metabólico / Impact of place of residence on the presentation of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in a cohort with metabolic syndrome

Fundamentos: Con el fin de evidenciar la posible relación entre deprivación y morbimortalidad, enmarcada en diferentes lugares de residencia, diseñamos el presente estudio. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la influencia del lugar de residencia sobre la incidencia de eventos cardiovasculares (ECV) y de mortalidad general por cualquier causa, en una cohorte con síndrome metabólico. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo para determinar la incidencia de ECV según el lugar de residencia (rural, urbano) en individuos con distintas combinaciones de rasgos clínicos de Síndrome Metabólico (SM). El emplazamiento del mismo fue la Atención Primaria de Cataluña (España). Los sujetos de estudio fueron personas de entre 35-75 años de edad, que cumplían los criterios de SM, sin ECV al inicio del seguimiento (2009). La población se estratificó según el índice MEDEA en rural, y dentro de áreas urbanas en 5 subcategorías (urbano1 - urbano5), según su nivel de deprivación. Se realizó estadística descriptiva, análisis de la varianza y curvas de supervivencia (Kaplan-Meier, método de Cox) para contrastar los diferentes grupos categóricos. Resultados: Se analizaron 401.743 sujetos con SM (17,2% de la población catalana); 20,1% residían en áreas rurales. Su edad media osciló entre 60,5 + 9,6 años en área urbana 1 (la más favorecida) y 59,6 + 10,4 años en área urbana 5 (la más precaria). A los 5 años de seguimiento, la incidencia global de ECV fue del 5,5%, siendo ligeramente menor en ámbito rural (5%) que en los urbanos (entre 5,5-5,8%). En cambio, la mortalidad fue superior en el ámbito rural (859 casos/100000 habitantes-año) - que en el resto de áreas (mínimo valor en urbano-3 (736 casos/100000 habitantes-año)). Conclusiones: El lugar de residencia constituye un marcador de riesgo, que se asocia a la incidencia de ECV pero sobre todo, a una mayor mortalidad por todas las causas, en pacientes con SM. Sin duda y dejando de lado los posibles factores de confusión, en las áreas socioeconómicamente más desfavorecidas, la mortalidad está aumentada

Background: In order to clarify the relation between deprivation and morbillity and mortality, in function of different residence places, we design this study. Main objective is to analyze the influence of place of residence on the incidence of cardiovascular events (CVD) and general mortality from any cause, in a cohort with metabolic syndrome. Methods: Prospective study to determine the incidence of CVD according to the place of residence (rural, urban) in individuals with different combinations of clinical features of Metabolic Syndrome (MS). Setting: Primary Care, Catalonia (Spain). Subjects: between 35-75 years of age fulfilling SM criteria, without CVD at the beginning of follow-up (2009). The population was stratified according to the MEDEA index in rural, and within urban areas in 5 subcategories (urban1 - urban5), according to their level of deprivation. We performed descriptive statistics, variance analysis and survival curves (Kaplan-Meier and Cox methods) in order to contrast data from different categories. Results: We analyzed 401,743 subjects with MS (17.2% of the Catalan population); 20.1% resided in rural areas. Their average age ranged between 60.5 + 9.6 years in urban area 1 (most favored) and 59.6 + 10.4 years in urban area 5 (the most precarious). After 5 years of follow-up, the global incidence of CVD was 5.5%, being slightly lower in rural areas (5%) than in urban areas (between 5.5% -5.8%). On the other hand, mortality was higher in the rural area (859 deaths/100000 inhabitants-year) - than in the rest of the areas (minimum value in urban-3 (736 deaths/100000 inhabitants-year)). Conclusions: The place of residence is a risk marker, which is associated with the incidence of CVD but above all, with higher mortality from all causes in patients with MS. Undoubtedly and leaving aside the possible confounding factors, in the socioeconomically most disadvantaged areas, mortality is increased

Adiposity markers and lung function in smokers: a cross-sectional study in a Mediterranean population.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess the association of key adiposity markers with lung function in smokers without respiratory disease in a Mediterranean population. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study with baseline data from a representative sample of the ESPITAP study in Spain. Participants were 738 smokers (52.3% men) without respiratory disease, aged 35 to 70, selected from 12 primary health care centres. We assessed weight, height, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR). The pulmonary functional parameters were forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and FEV1/FVC ratio. RESULTS: In this cohort of smokers, 22.2% of individuals had central obesity. FVC% was inversely associated with all anthropometric measures (BMI, WC and WHtR) in the overall population and in men; in women, only BMI was associated with FVC%. FEV1% was inversely associated to BMI and WC in the overall population, and to all anthropometric measures in men. Furthermore, both BMI and obesity were positively associated with FEV1/FVC ratio overall and when stratified by sex; this suggests a restrictive pattern explained by the altered ventilator mechanics experienced by people with obesity. CONCLUSION: In a Mediterranean population of smokers without respiratory symptoms, abdominal obesity, evaluated not only by BMI and WC but also WHtR, is inversely associated with lung function. Fat distribution appears more strongly related to pulmonary function parameters in men than in women. In smokers with high values for WC, WHtR and BMI, assessment of lung function is recommended. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Current Controlled Trials NCT01194596 . Registered 2 September 2010.

Dietary patterns are associated with lung function among Spanish smokers without respiratory disease.

BACKGROUND: Diet can help preserve lung function in smokers, in addition to avoidance of smoking. The study aimed to evaluate associations between dietary patterns and lung function in smokers without respiratory disease. METHODS: This cross-sectional study analysed baseline data from randomised representative smokers without respiratory disease (n = 207, aged 35-70 years), selected from 20 primary health-care centres. Participants completed a validated semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire. Dietary patterns were identified by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Impaired lung function was defined as FVC <80% and/or FEV1 < 80% of predicted value and/or FEV1/FVC <0.7. Associations were determined by logistic regression. RESULTS: Three major dietary patterns were identified. In multivariate-adjusted model, impaired lung function was associated with the Alcohol-consumption pattern (OR 4.56, 95% CI 1.58-13.18), especially in women (OR 11.47, 95% CI 2.25-58.47), and with the Westernised pattern in women (OR 5.62, 95% CI 1.17-27.02), whereas it not was associated with the Mediterranean-like pattern (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.28-1.79). CONCLUSION: In smokers without respiratory disease, the Alcohol-consumption pattern and the Westernised pattern are associated with impaired lung function, especially in women. The Mediterranean-like pattern appears to be associated with preserved lung function because no statistical association is observed with impaired lung function. In addition to smoking cessation, modifying dietary patterns has possible clinical application to preserve lung function.

Retracted: Effect of a high-fat Mediterranean diet on bodyweight and waist circumference: a prespecified secondary outcomes analysis of the PREDIMED randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Because of the high density of fat, high-fat diets are perceived as likely to lead to increased bodyweight, hence health-care providers are reluctant to recommend them to overweight or obese individuals. We assessed the long-term effects of ad libitum, high-fat, high-vegetable-fat Mediterranean diets on bodyweight and waist circumference in older people at risk of cardiovascular disease, most of whom were overweight or obese. METHODS: PREDIMED was a 5 year parallel-group, multicentre, randomised, controlled clinical trial done in primary care centres affiliated to 11 hospitals in Spain. 7447 asymptomatic men (aged 55-80 years) and women (aged 60-80 years) who had type 2 diabetes or three or more cardiovascular risk factors were randomly assigned (1:1:1) with a computer-generated number sequence to one of three interventions: Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil (n=2543); Mediterranean diet supplemented with nuts (n=2454); or a control diet (advice to reduce dietary fat; n=2450). Energy restriction was not advised, nor was physical activity promoted. In this analysis of the trial, we measured bodyweight and waist circumference at baseline and yearly for 5 years in the intention-to-treat population. The PREDIMED trial is registered with ISRCTN.com, number ISRCTN35739639. FINDINGS: After a median 4·8 years (IQR 2·8-5·8) of follow-up, participants in all three groups had marginally reduced bodyweight and increased waist circumference. The adjusted difference in 5 year changes in bodyweight in the Mediterranean diet with olive oil group was -0·43 kg (95% CI -0·86 to -0·01; p=0·044) and in the nut group was -0·08 kg (-0·50 to 0·35; p=0·730), compared with the control group. The adjusted difference in 5 year changes in waist circumference was -0·55 cm (-1·16 to -0·06; p=0·048) in the Mediterranean diet with olive oil group and -0·94 cm (-1·60 to -0·27; p=0·006) in the nut group, compared with the control group. INTERPRETATION: A long-term intervention with an unrestricted-calorie, high-vegetable-fat Mediterranean diet was associated with decreases in bodyweight and less gain in central adiposity compared with a control diet. These results lend support to advice not restricting intake of healthy fats for bodyweight maintenance. FUNDING: Spanish Government, CIBERobn, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Hojiblanca, Patrimonio Comunal Olivarero, California Walnut Commission, Borges SA, and Morella Nuts.

Multicentric randomized clinical trial to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of a motivational intervention against smoking, based on the information obtained from spirometry in primary care: the RESET study protocol.

BACKGROUND: Spirometry is the recommended method of evaluating pulmonary function when respiratory disease is suspected in smokers. Nonetheless, no evidence exists of the usefulness of information obtained from this test as a motivational strategy for smoking cessation. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a motivational intervention based on spirometry results in achieving long-term smoking cessation. METHODS/DESIGN: We propose a multicenter randomized clinical trial in the primary care setting. STUDY SUBJECTS: We will recruit active smokers of both sexes, aged 35-70 years, with a cumulated smoking habit exceeding 10 packs/year and who consult for any reason with their primary care physician in the 20 health centers in the province of Tarragona (Spain). Patients with a history of lung disease or who have undergone exploratory measures of pulmonary function in the preceding 12 months will be excluded. All patients who agree to participate will provide signed informed consent prior to their inclusion. A total of 1000 smokers will be consecutively randomized to a control or intervention group (1:1). INTERVENTION: Participants in both groups will receive brief (5-minute) health counseling, in accordance with usual clinical practice. In a consultation lasting about 15 minutes, participants in the intervention group will also receive detailed, personalized information about the results of a spirometry test and about their lung age compared with their chronological age. Both groups will be followed up for 12 months. Main variables and analysis: The main variable will be sustained smoking abstinence at 12 months after the intervention, as confirmed by CO breath testing and urine cotinine test. Results will be analyzed based on intention to treat, using the chi-square test and logistical regression if necessary to adjust for confounding variables. DISCUSSION: We expect the rate of prolonged smoking abstinence in the intervention group will be at least 5% higher than in the control group. If this strategy proves effective, it could easily be included in the health promotion activities offered in primary care settings. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02153047 . Registered on 28/05/2014.