Potential Utilization of Bacterial Consortium of Symbionts Marine Sponges in Removing Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons and Heavy Metals, Review.

Toxic materials in waste generally contain several components of the global trending pollutant category, especially PAHs and heavy metals. Bioremediation technology for waste management that utilizes microorganisms (bacteria) has not been fully capable of breaking down these toxic materials into simple and environmentally friendly chemical products. This review paper examines the potential application of a consortium of marine sponge symbionts with high performance and efficiency in removing PAHs and heavy metal contaminants. The method was carried out through a review of several related research articles by the author and published by other researchers. The results of the study conclude that the development of global trending pollutant (GTP) bioremediation technology could be carried out to increase the efficiency of remediation. Several types of marine sponge symbiont bacteria, hydrocarbonoclastic (R-1), metalloclastic (R-2), and metallo-hydro-carbonoclastic (R-3), have the potential to be applied to improve waste removal performance. A consortium of crystalline bacterial preparations is required to mobilize into GTP-exposed sites rapidly. Bacterial symbionts of marine sponges can be traced mainly to sea sponges, whose body surface is covered with mucus.

Preparation and characterization of neem oil nanoemulsion formulations against Sitophilus oryzae and Tribolium castaneum adults.

This study aimed to improve the efficacy of azadirachtin (Azadirachta indica. A. Juss) against two serious pest species of stored products, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), through nano-emulsion formulations. Pseudoternary phase diagrams were constructed consisting of an emulsion system of an active ingredient (neem oil), surfactant (polysorbate or alkylpolyglucoside), and water. Isotropic regions were formed in the pseudoternary phase diagrams, and four formulations were selected from the isotropic regions and characterized according to particle size, particle aging, zeta potential, stability and thermostability, surface tension, viscosity, and pH. The selected formulations showed particle sizes of 208-507 nm in diameter. The result of contact toxicity demonstrated excellent mortality of S. oryzae and T. castaneum adults, with a mortality range of 85-100% and 74-100%, respectively, at a 1% azadirachtin concentration after only 2 days of exposure. Compared to non-formulated neem oil, the nano-emulsion formulations significantly increased the mortality of the tested species.