ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Two classes of medications are used to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD); donepezil, galantamine, and rivastigmine are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, and memantine is a non-competitive antagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor. Although these are typically taken orally, there are transdermal therapeutic systems (TTSs) commercially available for rivastigmine and donepezil. The transdermal route has been preferable for guardians/caregivers due to ease of use, reduced side effects, and improved adherence to therapy. OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to obtain knowledge of the properties of these drugs and to search for patents relating to the TTS for AD using the Espacenet platform. METHODS: The search terms were "rivastigmine AND transdermal AND skin delivery AND Alzheimer's", changing the drugs "memantine", "donepezil", and "galantamine", between January 2015 and January 2022. Title and abstract were used to choose patents. RESULTS: TTSs present some limit factors in terms of absorption due to skin physiology and the size of the molecules with established limits of percutaneous penetration (molecular mass of 500 g/mol and log P of 5). We found 1, 4, 4, and 2 patents for galantamine, rivastigmine, donepezil, and memantine, respectively. Galantamine TTS seems to be more challenging due to the molecular mass of 287.35 g/mol and logP of 1.8. The permeator of absorption is necessary. Memantine, rivastigmine, and donepezil present logP of 3.28, 2.3, and 4.27 and molecular weights of 179.30, 250.34, and 415.96 g/mol, respectively. CONCLUSION: TTSs are primarily effective for delivering small molecules. The use of absorption enhancers and irritation mitigators can be necessary to enhance the performance. The development of these technologies is essential for the convenience of patients and caregivers.
ABSTRACT
Objective:To identify the available scientific evidence about the difficulties faced by nurses during their work inIntra-Hospital Organ and Tissue Transplantation Commissions(CIHDOTT) and, from this, identify the actions performed to minimize them. Method:this is an integrative review. The searches were performed in the databases LILACS, BDENF and MEDLINE, using the combination between keyword and descriptor: organ donation and nursing. The inclusion criteria were articles published in the period from 2006 to 2016; described in their entirety, which answered the research question in their abstract. Results:the main difficulties experienced by nurses enrolled in CIHDOTT during the organ donation process refer to the lack of training and knowledge of the professionals and family members involved in the organ donation process; inadequate maintenance of the donor within the Intensive Care Unit, not acceptance of brain death, either by professionals or relatives. Final considerations:it is necessary that continuous education measures be taken between these professionals and their families, raising awareness of the importance of the organ donation process, with the purpose of reducing waiting time for a transplant in Brazi
Objetivo:identificar as evidências científicas disponíveis acerca das dificuldades enfrentadas por enfermeiros durante sua atuação em Comissões Intra-Hospitalares de Transplantes de Órgãos e Tecidos (CIHDOTT) e, a partir disso, identificar as condutas executadas para minimizá-las. Método:trata-se de uma revisão integrativa. As buscas foram realizadas nas bases de dados LILACS, BDENF e MEDLINE, utilizando a combinação entre palavra-chave e descritor: doação de órgãos e enfermagem. Oscritérios de inclusão foram artigos publicados no período de 2006 a 2016; originais, descritos na íntegra, os quais respondessem em seu resumo a pergunta de pesquisa. Resultados: as principais dificuldades vivenciadas pelos enfermeiros inseridos em CIHDOTT durante o processo de doação de órgãos referem-se à falta de treinamento e conhecimento dos profissionais e familiares envolvidos no processo de doação de órgãos; manutenção inadequada do doador dentro da Unidade de Terapia Intensiva, não aceitação da morte encefálica, seja pelos profissionais ou familiares. Considerações finais: é necessário que sejam tomadas medidas de educação contínua entre esses profissionais e familiares, conscientizando a importância do processo de doação de órgãos, com o objetivo de reduzir o tempo nas filas de espera por um transplante no Brasil.
