Beauveria bassiana submerged spores for control of two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)): production, stability, and virulence.

In this study, IBCB 66, IBCB 868, and CBMAI 1306 isolates of Beauveria bassiana were grown in liquid culture for 4 days, leading to elevated submerged spores (SS) levels. The influence of the addition of different glycerol concentrations (0, 3, and 6%) (v/v) in the liquid culture was investigated regarding the stability (at 4 and 27 °C) of dried formulations. The virulence of SS was compared with aerial spores (AS) against Tetranychus urticae (Koch) (Acari: Tetranychidae). The results demonstrate the potential of using SS to control T. urticae. CBMAI 1306 and IBCB 868 isolates caused T. urticae mortality rates of 91.11% and 88.89% 5 days after treatment, respectively, when applied at concentrations of 1 × 108 SS mL-1. The median Lethal Time (LT50) values for these strains were 2.64 and 2.61 days, respectively. The dried formulations showed potential acaricidal activity. Higher glycerol concentrations in the liquid culture medium reduced formulation stability at 27 °C.

Improving the management effectiveness and decision-making by stakeholders' perspectives: A case study in a protected area from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest.

Assessing management effectiveness in protected areas is a fundamental instrument to achieve socio-biodiversity protection goals. This study aimed to analyze the management effectiveness of Cunhambebe State Park (from now on, "PEC") in the State of Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, from the perception of stakeholders and the multi-temporal analysis of land use and land cover between 1998 and 2018. We used the Rapid Assessment and Prioritization of Protected Area Management method for a participatory approach. Seventy-two indicators were used and applied to assess the perception of stakeholders related to the Advisory Council. The management effectiveness of PEC was classified as moderately satisfactory (63.41%). Indicators of "Legal security", "Vulnerability", "Site design and planning" and "Financial resources" revealed the weaknesses and threats of management and what should be the priority projects for better effectiveness. Through the multi-temporal analysis, we identified that the advances of pasture and urban areas are the highest pressures and threats, as perceived by stakeholders. In our case study, we provide evidence of actions that must be performed by the PEC management team. These actions must consider the weaknesses and threats presented by the SWOT analysis. Finally, we recommend some political and management measures: 1) Financial resources for the land regularization of areas overlapping with PEC, 2) Guidelines about PEC areas must be included in the Master Plans of municipalities that cover PEC limits, 3) Technical assistance to improve land management, and 4) Strengthen environmental education initiatives at all school levels.

Chemical features and antioxidant profile by Schizophyllum commune produced on different agroindustrial wastes and byproducts of biodiesel production.

Schizophyllum commune VE_07 was produced in different culture media containing pine sawdust (PS), grape residue (GR), cotton cake (CC) and jatropha seed cake (JC). The content of phenolics and antioxidant activity were determined for the substrates and mushrooms produced. The content of ß-glucans and the composition of S. commune were also evaluated. The medium formulated with 94% grape residue enabled the highest values of yield, biological efficiency, and productivity. Mushrooms grown in this condition showed the highest value (13.14%) of ß-glucans. The contents of proteins and dietary fibre were 16.59% and 59.61%, respectively. Mushrooms grown in cotton cake showed the highest phenolic content (291.51 ± 1.83 mg GAE/ 100 g mushroom) and antioxidant activity (58.15 ± 0.86 DPPH % scavenging). The results obtained indicate that substrate composition affected the production of S. commune and its chemical composition.

Validation of reference genes in Penicillium echinulatum to enable gene expression study using real-time quantitative RT-PCR.

Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is a methodology that facilitates the quantification of mRNA expression in a given sample. Analysis of relative gene expression by qRT-PCR requires normalization of the data using a reference gene that is expressed at a similar level in all evaluated conditions. Determining an internal control gene is essential for gene expression studies. Gene expression studies in filamentous fungi frequently use the ß-actin gene (actb), ß-tubulin, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase as reference genes because they are known to have consistent expression levels. Until now, no study has been performed to select an internal control gene for the filamentous fungal species Penicillium echinulatum. The aim of this study was to evaluate and validate internal control genes to enable the study of gene expression in P. echinulatum using qRT-PCR. P. echinulatum strain S1M29 was grown in conditions to either induce (cellulose and sugar cane bagasse) or repress (glucose) gene expression to analyze 23 candidate normalization genes for stable expression. Two software programs, BestKeeper and geNorm, were used to assess the expression of the candidate normalization genes. The results indicate that the actb reference gene is more stably expressed in P. echinulatum. This is the first report in the literature that determines a normalization gene for this fungus. From the results obtained, we recommend the use of the P. echinulatum actb gene as an endogenous control for gene expression studies of cellulases and hemicellulases by qRT-PCR.

Influência da certificação florestal no cumprimento da legislação ambiental e trabalhista na região amazônica / Influence of the forest certification in the compliance of the environmental and labor legislation in the Amazonia Region

Nas últimas décadas tem surgido uma maior preocupação ambiental advinda das mudanças climáticas e dos desmatamentos contínuos das florestas tropicais. Para conciliar a exploração e a conservação das florestas surgiram alguns mecanismos, entre eles a certificação florestal. No Brasil, ela está presente há mais de uma década, através do FSC (Forest Stewardship Council), uma ONG (Organização Não-Governamental) que estabeleceu um padrão para a certificação do manejo florestal. Este padrão possui nove princípios e o primeiro deles trata da "Obediência às Leis e Princípios do FSC", exigindo o cumprimento e respeito de todas as leis aplicáveis ao país onde opera e obedecer a todos os seus Princípios e Critérios. Neste contexto, este trabalho teve por objetivo verificar a influência da certificação florestal no cumprimento da legislação nas unidades de manejo de florestas nativas. Buscaram-se os dados nos relatórios públicos das unidades de manejo certificadas até 2007. A avaliação foi realizada por meio da identificação e análise das principais não-conformidades, com relação ao primeiro princípio. Verificou-se que os principais problemas estavam relacionados à legislação ambiental e trabalhista. As não-conformidades da legislação trabalhista foram em sua maioria referentes aos problemas com trabalhadores terceirizados e a legislação ambiental referentes às áreas de preservação permanente e falta de autorizações de órgãos ambientais. Caso sejam tomadas ações para resolvê-las, pode-se concluir que a certificação florestal pode contribuir para o atendimento da legislação nas unidades de manejo de florestas nativas.

In the last decades environmental concerns have been arising as a result of the climate changes and the ongoing deforestation in tropical regions. To conciliate the exploration and conservation of the forests some mechanisms have , among them the forest certification. In Brazil, it has been presented more than a decade, through the FSC (Forest Stewardship Council), an NGO (Non-governmental organization) which established standard guidelines for forest management certification. Such guidelines have nine principles and the first one deal with "Compliance with laws and FSC Principles", demanding the compliance and respect of all applicable laws of the country where it operates and comply with all their Principles and Criteria. In this context, this study aimed to verify the influence of forest certification in the legislation compliance in the units of management of native forest. Data was collected from public reports of the certificated management units until 2007. The evaluation was made up through the identification and analyses of the main non-conformance, related to the first principle. It was found that the main problems were related to the environmental and labor legislation. The labor legislation non-conformances were mostly related to the problems with the outsourced workers and environmental legislation relating to permanent preservation areas and lack of permit from environmental agencies.